9129767 Z3DY53MV 1 apa 50 date desc year Swift 18 https://jswift.scrippsprofiles.ucsd.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A50%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22PTJB77CZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Katsumata%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EKatsumata%2C%20K.%2C%20Purkey%2C%20S.%20G.%2C%20Cowley%2C%20R.%2C%20Sloyan%2C%20B.%20M.%2C%20Diggs%2C%20S.%20C.%2C%20Moore%2C%20T.%20S.%2C%20Talley%2C%20L.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282022%29.%20GO-SHIP%20Easy%20Ocean%3A%20Gridded%20ship-based%20hydrographic%20section%20of%20temperature%2C%20salinity%2C%20and%20dissolved%20oxygen.%20%3Ci%3EScientific%20Data%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%208.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41597-022-01212-w%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fs41597-022-01212-w%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22GO-SHIP%20Easy%20Ocean%3A%20Gridded%20ship-based%20hydrographic%20section%20of%20temperature%2C%20salinity%2C%20and%20dissolved%20oxygen%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Katsumata%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Purkey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cowley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sloyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Diggs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moore%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Despite%20technological%20advances%20over%20the%20last%20several%20decades%2C%20ship-based%20hydrography%20remains%20the%20only%20method%20for%20obtaining%20high-quality%2C%20high%20spatial%20and%20vertical%20resolution%20measurements%20of%20physical%2C%20chemical%2C%20and%20biological%20parameters%20over%20the%20full%20water%20column%20essential%20for%20physical%2C%20chemical%2C%20and%20biological%20oceanography%20and%20climate%20science.%20The%20Global%20Ocean%20Ship-based%20Hydrographic%20Investigations%20Program%20%28GO-SHIP%29%20coordinates%20a%20network%20of%20globally%20sustained%20hydrographic%20sections.%20These%20data%20provide%20a%20unique%20data%20set%20that%20spans%20four%20decades%2C%20comprised%20of%20more%20than%2040%20cross-ocean%20transects.%20The%20section%20data%20are%2C%20however%2C%20difficult%20to%20use%20owing%20to%20inhomogeneous%20format.%20The%20purpose%20of%20this%20new%20temperature%2C%20salinity%2C%20and%20dissolved%20oxygen%20data%20product%20is%20to%20combine%2C%20reformat%20and%20grid%20these%20data%20measured%20by%20Conductivity-Temperature-Depth-Oxygen%20%28CTDO%29%20profilers%20in%20order%20to%20facilitate%20their%20use%20by%20a%20wider%20audience.%20The%20product%20is%20machine%20readable%20and%20readily%20accessible%20by%20many%20existing%20visualisation%20and%20analysis%20software%20packages.%20The%20data%20processing%20can%20be%20repeated%20with%20modifications%20to%20suit%20various%20applications%20such%20as%20analysis%20of%20deep%20ocean%2C%20validation%20of%20numerical%20simulation%2C%20and%20calibration%20of%20autonomous%20platforms.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41597-022-01212-w%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22AR4GIKGB%22%2C%22Z3DY53MV%22%2C%22PMTDF67G%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-20T15%3A51%3A28Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223GLBDK8B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jenkins%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJenkins%2C%20W.%20J.%2C%20Doney%2C%20S.%20C.%2C%20Fendrock%2C%20M.%2C%20Fine%2C%20R.%2C%20Gamo%2C%20T.%2C%20Jean-Baptiste%2C%20P.%2C%20Key%2C%20R.%2C%20Klein%2C%20B.%2C%20Lupton%2C%20J.%20E.%2C%20Newton%2C%20R.%2C%20Rhein%2C%20M.%2C%20Roether%2C%20W.%2C%20Sano%2C%20Y.%20J.%2C%20Schlitzer%2C%20R.%2C%20Schlosser%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20%282019%29.%20A%20comprehensive%20global%20oceanic%20dataset%20of%20helium%20isotope%20and%20tritium%20measurements.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20System%20Science%20Data%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E11%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20441%26%23x2013%3B454.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Fessd-11-441-2019%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Fessd-11-441-2019%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20comprehensive%20global%20oceanic%20dataset%20of%20helium%20isotope%20and%20tritium%20measurements%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jenkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fendrock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gamo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jean-Baptiste%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Key%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lupton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Newton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rhein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roether%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlitzer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlosser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Tritium%20and%20helium%20isotope%20data%20provide%20key%20information%20on%20ocean%20circulation%2C%20ventilation%2C%20and%20mixing%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20rates%20of%20biogeochemical%20processes%20and%20deep-ocean%20hydrothermal%20processes.%20We%20present%20here%20global%20oceanic%20datasets%20of%20tritium%20and%20helium%20isotope%20measurements%20made%20by%20numerous%20researchers%20and%20laboratories%20over%20a%20period%20exceeding%2060%20years.%20The%20dataset%27s%20DOI%20is%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.25921%5C%2Fclsn-9631%2C%20and%20the%20data%20are%20available%20at%20https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%5C%2Focads%5C%2Fdata%5C%2F0176626.xml%20%28last%20access%3A%2015%20March%202019%29%20or%20alternately%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fodv.awi.de%5C%2Fdata%5C%2Focean%5C%2Fjenkins-tritium-helium-data-compilation%5C%2F%20%28last%20access%3A%2013%20March%202019%29%20and%20includes%20approximately%2060%20000%20valid%20tritium%20measurements%2C%2063%20000%20valid%20helium%20isotope%20determinations%2C%2057%20000%20dissolved%20helium%20concentrations%2C%20and%2034%20000%20dissolved%20neon%20concentrations.%20Some%20quality%20control%20has%20been%20applied%20in%20that%20questionable%20data%20have%20been%20flagged%20and%20clearly%20compromised%20data%20excluded%20entirely.%20Appropriate%20metadata%20have%20been%20included%2C%20including%20geographic%20location%2C%20date%2C%20and%20sample%20depth.%20When%20available%2C%20we%20include%20water%20temperature%2C%20salinity%2C%20and%20dissolved%20oxygen.%20Data%20quality%20flags%20and%20data%20originator%20information%20%28including%20methodology%29%20are%20also%20included.%20This%20paper%20provides%20an%20introduction%20to%20the%20dataset%20along%20with%20some%20discussion%20of%20its%20broader%20qualities%20and%20graphics.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Fessd-11-441-2019%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221866-3508%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EDBCSYFB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schlitzer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchlitzer%2C%20R.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Dodas%2C%20E.%20M.%2C%20Lohan%2C%20M.%2C%20Geibere%2C%20W.%2C%20Tagliabue%2C%20A.%2C%20Bowie%2C%20A.%2C%20Jeandel%2C%20C.%2C%20Maldonado%2C%20M.%20T.%2C%20Landing%2C%20W.%20M.%2C%20Cockwell%2C%20D.%2C%20Abadie%2C%20C.%2C%20Abouchami%2C%20W.%2C%20Achterberg%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Agather%2C%20A.%2C%20Aguliar-Islas%2C%20A.%2C%20van%20Aken%2C%20H.%20M.%2C%20Andersen%2C%20M.%2C%20Archer%2C%20C.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Zurbrick%2C%20C.%20%282018%29.%20The%20GEOTRACES%20Intermediate%20Data%20Product%202017.%20%3Ci%3EChemical%20Geology%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E493%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20210%26%23x2013%3B223.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.chemgeo.2018.05.040%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.chemgeo.2018.05.040%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20GEOTRACES%20Intermediate%20Data%20Product%202017%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlitzer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dodas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lohan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geibere%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tagliabue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jeandel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maldonado%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Landing%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cockwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abadie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abouchami%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Achterberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Agather%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aguliar-Islas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Aken%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andersen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Archer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Auro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Baar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baars%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bakker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Basak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baskaran%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bates%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bauch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Beek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Behrens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Black%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bluhm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bopp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bown%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boyd%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boye%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boyle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Branellec%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bridgestock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brissebrat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Browning%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bruland%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brumsack%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brzezinski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buesseler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bull%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Butler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cardinal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carlson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carrasco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casacuberta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casciotti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Castrillejo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chamizo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chance%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Charette%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaves%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chever%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Christl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Church%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Closset%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Conway%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cossa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Croot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cullen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cutter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Daniels%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dehairs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Deng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dieu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Duggan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dulaquais%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dumousseaud%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Echegoyen-Sanz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Edwards%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ellwood%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahrbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fitzsimmons%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Flegal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fleisher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20de%20Flierdt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frank%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Friedrich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fripiat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frollje%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Galer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gamo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ganeshram%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garcia-Orellana%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garcia-Solsona%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gault-Ringold%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22George%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gerringa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gilbert%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Godoy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goldstein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gonzalez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grissom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammerschmidt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hartman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hassler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hathorne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hatta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hawco%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hayes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heimburger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Helgoe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Heuven%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ho%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Horner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hsieh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Humphreys%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Isshiki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jacquot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Janssen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jenkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22John%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kadko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kayser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kenna%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khondoker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kipp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klunder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kretschmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kumamoto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Labatut%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lacan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lambelet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lamborg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20A.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Le%20Moigne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Le%20Roy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lechtenfeld%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lherminier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Little%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lopez-Lora%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Masque%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mawji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McClain%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Measures%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mehic%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barraqueta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20der%20Merwe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Middag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mieruch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Milne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Minami%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moffett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moncoiffe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moore%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morris%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nakaguchi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nakayama%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Niedermiller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nishioka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nishiuchi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Noble%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Obata%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ober%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ohnemus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Ooijen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22O%27Sullivan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Owens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pahnke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pavia%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pena%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Petersh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Planchon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Planquette%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pradoux%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Puigcorbe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Quay%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Queroue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Radic%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rauschenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rehkamper%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rember%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Remenyi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Resing%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rickli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rigaud%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rijkenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rintoul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robinson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roca-Marti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rodellas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roeske%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rolison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roshan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20M.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20der%20Loaff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ryabenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sanial%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sarthou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schallenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22U.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schauer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlosser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schnetger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scott%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sedwick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Semiletov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shelley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sherrell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shiller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sigman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Singh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Slagter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Slater%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smethie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Snaith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sohrin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sohst%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sonke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Speich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steinfeldt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stewart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stichel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stirling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stutsman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swarr%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thorne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Till%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Till%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Townsend%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Townsend%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tuerena%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Twining%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vance%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Velazquez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Venchiarutti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Villa-Alfageme%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vivancos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20H.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Voelker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wake%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Warner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Weerlee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weigand%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weinstein%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Weiss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wisotzki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20M.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woodward%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wuttig%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wyatt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xiang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Z.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yoshikawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zieringer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zimmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ziveri%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zunino%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zurbrick%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20GEOTRACES%20Intermediate%20Data%20Product%202017%20%28IDP2017%29%20is%20the%20second%20publicly%20available%20data%20product%20of%20the%20international%20GEOTRACES%20programme%2C%20and%20contains%20data%20measured%20and%20quality%20controlled%20before%20the%20end%20of%202016.%20The%20IDP2017%20includes%20data%20from%20the%20Atlantic%2C%20Pacific%2C%20Arctic%2C%20Southern%20and%20Indian%20oceans%2C%20with%20about%20twice%20the%20data%20volume%20of%20the%20previous%20IDP2014.%20For%20the%20first%20time%2C%20the%20IDP2017%20contains%20data%20for%20a%20large%20suite%20of%20biogeochemical%20parameters%20as%20well%20as%20aerosol%20and%20rain%20data%20characterising%20atmospheric%20trace%20element%20and%20isotope%20%28TEI%29%20sources.%20The%20TEI%20data%20in%20the%20IDP2017%20are%20quality%20controlled%20by%20careful%20assessment%20of%20intercalibration%20results%20and%20multi-laboratory%20data%20comparisons%20at%20crossover%20stations.%20The%20IDP2017%20consists%20of%20two%20parts%3A%20%281%29%20a%20compilation%20of%20digital%20data%20for%20more%20than%20450%20TEIs%20as%20well%20as%20standard%20hydrographic%20parameters%2C%20and%20%282%29%20the%20eGEOTRACES%20Electronic%20Atlas%20providing%20an%20on-line%20atlas%20that%20includes%20more%20than%20590%20section%20plots%20and%20130%20animated%203D%20scenes.%20The%20digital%20data%20are%20provided%20in%20several%20formats%2C%20including%20ASCII%2C%20Excel%20spreadsheet%2C%20netCDF%2C%20and%20Ocean%20Data%20View%20collection.%20Users%20can%20download%20the%20full%20data%20packages%20or%20make%20their%20own%20custom%20selections%20with%20a%20new%20on-line%20data%20extraction%20service.%20In%20addition%20to%20the%20actual%20data%20values%2C%20the%20IDP2017%20also%20contains%20data%20quality%20flags%20and%201-s%20data%20error%20values%20where%20available.%20Quality%20flags%20and%20error%20values%20are%20useful%20for%20data%20filtering%20and%20for%20statistical%20analysis.%20Metadata%20about%20data%20originators%2C%20analytical%20methods%20and%20original%20publications%20related%20to%20the%20data%20are%20linked%20in%20an%20easily%20accessible%20way.%20The%20eGEOTRACES%20Electronic%20Atlas%20is%20the%20visual%20representation%20of%20the%20IDP2017%20as%20section%20plots%20and%20rotating%203D%20scenes.%20The%20basin-wide%203D%20scenes%20combine%20data%20from%20many%20cruises%20and%20provide%20quick%20overviews%20of%20large-scale%20tracer%20distributions.%20These%203D%20scenes%20provide%20geographical%20and%20bathymetric%20context%20that%20is%20crucial%20for%20the%20interpretation%20and%20assessment%20of%20tracer%20plumes%20near%20ocean%20margins%20or%20along%20ridges.%20The%20IDP2017%20is%20the%20result%20of%20a%20truly%20international%20effort%20involving%20326%20researchers%20from%2025%20countries.%20This%20publication%20provides%20the%20critical%20reference%20for%20unpublished%20data%2C%20as%20well%20as%20for%20studies%20that%20make%20use%20of%20a%20large%20cross-section%20of%20data%20from%20the%20IDP2017.%20This%20article%20is%20part%20of%20a%20special%20issue%20entitled%3A%20Conway%20GEOTRACES-edited%20by%20Tim%20M.%20Conway%2C%20Tristan%20Horner%2C%20Yves%20Plancherel%2C%20and%20Aridane%20G.%20Gonzalez.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.chemgeo.2018.05.040%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220009-2541%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JY8VE3IM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Carter%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECarter%2C%20B.%20R.%2C%20Feely%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20Mecking%2C%20S.%2C%20Cross%2C%20J.%20N.%2C%20Macdonald%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Siedlecki%2C%20S.%20A.%2C%20Talley%2C%20L.%20D.%2C%20Sabine%2C%20C.%20L.%2C%20Millero%2C%20F.%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Dickson%2C%20A.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Rodgers%2C%20K.%20B.%20%282017%29.%20Two%20decades%20of%20Pacific%20anthropogenic%20carbon%20storage%20and%20ocean%20acidification%20along%20Global%20Ocean%20Ship-lebased%20Hydrographic%20Investigations%20Program%20sections%20P16%20and%20P02.%20%3Ci%3EGlobal%20Biogeochemical%20Cycles%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E31%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20306%26%23x2013%3B327.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2016gb005485%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2016gb005485%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Two%20decades%20of%20Pacific%20anthropogenic%20carbon%20storage%20and%20ocean%20acidification%20along%20Global%20Ocean%20Ship-lebased%20Hydrographic%20Investigations%20Program%20sections%20P16%20and%20P02%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Feely%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mecking%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cross%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Macdonald%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Siedlecki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sabine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Millero%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dickson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rodgers%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20modified%20version%20of%20the%20extended%20multiple%20linear%20regression%20%28eMLR%29%20method%20is%20used%20to%20estimate%20anthropogenic%20carbon%20concentration%20%28C-anth%29%20changes%20along%20the%20Pacific%20P02%20and%20P16%20hydrographic%20sections%20over%20the%20past%20two%20decades.%20P02%20is%20a%20zonal%20section%20crossing%20the%20North%20Pacific%20at%2030%20degrees%20N%2C%20and%20P16%20is%20a%20meridional%20section%20crossing%20the%20North%20and%20South%20Pacific%20at%20similar%20to%20150%20degrees%20W.%20The%20eMLR%20modifications%20allow%20the%20uncertainties%20associated%20with%20choices%20of%20regression%20parameters%20to%20be%20both%20resolved%20and%20reduced.%20Canth%20is%20found%20to%20have%20increased%20throughout%20the%20water%20column%20from%20the%20surface%20to%20similar%20to%201000%20m%20depth%20along%20both%20lines%20in%20both%20decades.%20Mean%20column%20Canth%20inventory%20increased%20consistently%20during%20the%20earlier%20%281990s-2000s%29%20and%20recent%20%282000s-2010s%29%20decades%20along%20P02%2C%20at%20rates%20of%200.53%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.11%20and%200.46%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.11%20mol%20Cm-2%20a%28-1%29%2C%20respectively.%20By%20contrast%2C%20Canth%20storage%20accelerated%20from%200.29%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.10%20to%200.45%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.11%20mol%20Cm-2%20a%28-1%29%20along%20P16.%20Shifts%20in%20water%20mass%20distributions%20are%20ruled%20out%20as%20a%20potential%20cause%20of%20this%20increase%2C%20which%20is%20instead%20attributed%20to%20recent%20increases%20in%20the%20ventilation%20of%20the%20South%20Pacific%20Subtropical%20Cell.%20Decadal%20changes%20along%20P16%20are%20extrapolated%20across%20the%20gyre%20to%20estimate%20a%20Pacific%20Basin%20average%20storage%20between%2060%20degrees%20S%20and%2060%20degrees%20N%20of%206.1%20%2B%5C%2F-%201.5%20PgC%20decade%28-1%29%20in%20the%20earlier%20decade%20and%208.8%20%2B%5C%2F-%202.2%20PgC%20decade%28-1%29%20in%20the%20recent%20decade.%20This%20storage%20estimate%20is%20large%20despite%20the%20shallow%20Pacific%20Canth%20penetration%20due%20to%20the%20large%20volume%20of%20the%20Pacific%20Ocean.%20By%202014%2C%20Canth%20storage%20had%20changed%20Pacific%20surface%20seawater%20pH%20by%20-0.08%20to%20-0.14%20and%20aragonite%20saturation%20state%20by%20-0.57%20to%20-0.82.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2016gb005485%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220886-6236%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22AR4GIKGB%22%2C%22Z3DY53MV%22%2C%22VPDZGTEM%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-04-10T22%3A50%3A34Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HXM79SY4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22L.%20D.%20Talley%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EL.%20D.%20Talley%2C%20R.%20A.%20Feely%2C%20B.%20M.%20Sloyan%2C%20R.%20Wanninkhof%2C%20M.%20O.%20Baringer%2C%20J.%20L.%20Bullister%2C%20C.%20A.%20Carlson%2C%20S.%20C.%20Doney%2C%20R.%20A.%20Fine%2C%20E.%20Firing%2C%20N.%20Gruber%2C%20D.%20A.%20Hansell%2C%20M.%20Ishii%2C%20G.%20C.%20Johnson%2C%20K.%20Katsumata%2C%20R.%20M.%20Key%2C%20M.%20Kramp%2C%20C.%20Langdon%2C%20A.%20M.%20Macdonald%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20J.%20-Z.%20Zhang.%20%282016%29.%20Changes%20in%20Ocean%20Heat%2C%20Carbon%20Content%2C%20and%20Ventilation%3A%20A%20Review%20of%20the%20First%20Decade%20of%20GO-SHIP%20Global%20Repeat%20Hydrography.%20%3Ci%3EAnnual%20Review%20of%20Marine%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E8%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20185%26%23x2013%3B215.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-marine-052915-100829%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1146%5C%2Fannurev-marine-052915-100829%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Changes%20in%20Ocean%20Heat%2C%20Carbon%20Content%2C%20and%20Ventilation%3A%20A%20Review%20of%20the%20First%20Decade%20of%20GO-SHIP%20Global%20Repeat%20Hydrography%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22L.%20D.%20Talley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%20Feely%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%20Sloyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22R.%20Wanninkhof%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M.%20O.%20Baringer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%20Bullister%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22C.%20A.%20Carlson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22S.%20C.%20Doney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%20Fine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22E.%20Firing%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22N.%20Gruber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D.%20A.%20Hansell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M.%20Ishii%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22G.%20C.%20Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22K.%20Katsumata%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22R.%20M.%20Key%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M.%20Kramp%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22C.%20Langdon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%20Macdonald%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J.%20T.%20Mathis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22E.%20L.%20McDonagh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22S.%20Mecking%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22F.%20J.%20Millero%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22C.%20W.%20Mordy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22T.%20Nakano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22C.%20L.%20Sabine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22W.%20M.%20Smethie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%20Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22T.%20Tanhua%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%20Thurnherr%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%20Warner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J.%20-Z.%20Zhang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Global%20ship-based%20programs%2C%20with%20highly%20accurate%2C%20full%20water%20column%20physical%20and%20biogeochemical%20observations%20repeated%20decadally%20since%20the%201970s%2C%20provide%20a%20crucial%20resource%20for%20documenting%20ocean%20change.%20The%20ocean%2C%20a%20central%20component%20of%20Earth%27s%20climate%20system%2C%20is%20taking%20up%20most%20of%20Earth%27s%20excess%20anthropogenic%20heat%2C%20with%20about%2019%25%20of%20this%20excess%20in%20the%20abyssal%20ocean%20beneath%202%2C000%20m%2C%20dominated%20by%20Southern%20Ocean%20warming.%20The%20ocean%20also%20has%20taken%20up%20about%2027%25%20of%20anthropogenic%20carbon%2C%20resulting%20in%20acidification%20of%20the%20upper%20ocean.%20Increased%20stratification%20has%20resulted%20in%20a%20decline%20in%20oxygen%20and%20increase%20in%20nutrients%20in%20the%20Northern%20Hemisphere%20thermocline%20and%20an%20expansion%20of%20tropical%20oxygen%20minimum%20zones.%20Southern%20Hemisphere%20thermocline%20oxygen%20increased%20in%20the%202000s%20owing%20to%20stronger%20wind%20forcingand%20ventilation.%20The%20most%20recent%20decade%20of%20global%20hydrography%20has%20mapped%20dissolved%20organic%20carbon%2C%20a%20large%2C%20bioactive%20reservoir%2C%20for%20the%20first%20time%20and%20quantified%20its%20contribution%20to%20export%20production%20%28%5Cu223c20%25%29%20and%20deep-ocean%20oxygen%20utilization.%20Ship-based%20measurements%20also%20show%20that%20vertical%20diffusivity%20increases%20from%20a%20minimum%20in%20the%20thermocline%20to%20a%20maximum%20within%20the%20bottom%201%2C500%20m%2C%20shifting%20our%20physical%20paradigm%20of%20the%20ocean%27s%20overturning%20circulation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1146%5C%2Fannurev-marine-052915-100829%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22AR4GIKGB%22%2C%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-06-23T16%3A18%3A23Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HTYQGJJD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mawji%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMawji%2C%20E.%2C%20Schlitzer%2C%20R.%2C%20Dodas%2C%20E.%20M.%2C%20Abadie%2C%20C.%2C%20Abouchami%2C%20W.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20R.%20F.%2C%20Baars%2C%20O.%2C%20Bakker%2C%20K.%2C%20Baskaran%2C%20M.%2C%20Bates%2C%20N.%20R.%2C%20Bluhm%2C%20K.%2C%20Bowie%2C%20A.%2C%20Bown%2C%20J.%2C%20Boye%2C%20M.%2C%20Boyle%2C%20E.%20A.%2C%20Branellec%2C%20P.%2C%20Bruland%2C%20K.%20W.%2C%20Brzezinski%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Bucciarelli%2C%20E.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Zimmer%2C%20L.%20A.%20%282015%29.%20The%20GEOTRACES%20Intermediate%20Data%20Product%202014.%20%3Ci%3EMarine%20Chemistry%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E177%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B8.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marchem.2015.04.005%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marchem.2015.04.005%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20GEOTRACES%20Intermediate%20Data%20Product%202014%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mawji%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlitzer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dodas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abadie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Abouchami%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baars%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bakker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Baskaran%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bates%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bluhm%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bown%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boye%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boyle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Branellec%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bruland%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brzezinski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bucciarelli%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Buesseler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Butler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cardinal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casciotti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chaves%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chever%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Church%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Conway%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Croot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cutter%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20J.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Baar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Souza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dehairs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Deng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dieu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dulaquais%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Echegoyen-Sanz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Edwards%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahrbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fitzsimmons%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fleisher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frank%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Friedrich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fripiat%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Galer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gamo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Solsona%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gerringa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Godoy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gonzalez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grossteffan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hatta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hayes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Henderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jeandel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jenkins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22John%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kenna%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klunder%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kretschmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kumamoto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Labatut%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lacan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lam%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lannuzel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22le%20Moigne%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lechtenfeld%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lohan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Masque%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McClain%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Measures%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Middag%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moffett%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Navidad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nishioka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Noble%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Obata%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ohnemus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Owens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Planchon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pradoux%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Puigcorbe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Quay%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Radic%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rehkamper%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Remenyi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rijkenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rintoul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Robinson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roeske%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rosenberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20der%20Loeff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ryabenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roshan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Salt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sarthou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22U.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schauer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Scott%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sedwick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sha%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shiller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sigman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smethie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sohrin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Speich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stichel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stutsman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tagliabue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22U.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tsunogai%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Twining%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Aken%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Heuven%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Ooijen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Weerlee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Venchiarutti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20H.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Voelker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wake%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Warner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20M.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woodward%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wyatt%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yoshikawa%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Z.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xue%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zieringer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zimmer%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20GEOTRACES%20Intermediate%20Data%20Product%202014%20%28IDP2014%29%20is%20the%20first%20publicly%20available%20data%20product%20of%20the%20international%20GEOTRACES%20programme%2C%20and%20contains%20data%20measured%20and%20quality%20controlled%20before%20the%20end%20of%202013.%20It%20consists%20of%20two%20parts%3A%20%281%29%20a%20compilation%20of%20digital%20data%20for%20more%20than%20200%20trace%20elements%20and%20isotopes%20%28TEls%29%20as%20well%20as%20classical%20hydrographic%20parameters%2C%20and%20%282%29%20the%20eGEOTRACES%20Electronic%20Atlas%20providing%20a%20strongly%20inter-linked%20on-line%20atlas%20including%20more%20than%20300%20section%20plots%20and%2090%20animated%203D%20scenes.%20The%20IDP2014%20covers%20the%20Atlantic%2C%20Arctic%2C%20and%20Indian%20oceans%2C%20exhibiting%20highest%20data%20density%20in%20the%20Atlantic.%20The%20TEI%20data%20in%20the%20IDP2014%20are%20quality%20controlled%20by%20careful%20assessment%20of%20intercalibration%20results%20and%20multi-laboratory%20data%20comparisons%20at%20cross-over%20stations.%20The%20digital%20data%20are%20provided%20in%20several%20formats%2C%20including%20ASCII%20spreadsheet%2C%20Excel%20spreadsheet%2C%20netCDF%2C%20and%20Ocean%20Data%20View%20collection.%20In%20addition%20to%20the%20actual%20data%20values%20the%20IDP2014%20also%20contains%20data%20quality%20flags%20and%201-sigma%20data%20error%20values%20where%20available.%20Quality%20flags%20and%20error%20values%20are%20useful%20for%20data%20filtering.%20Metadata%20about%20data%20originators%2C%20analytical%20methods%20and%20original%20publications%20related%20to%20the%20data%20are%20linked%20to%20the%20data%20in%20an%20easily%20accessible%20way.%20The%20eGEOTRACES%20Electronic%20Atlas%20is%20the%20visual%20representation%20of%20the%20IDP2014%20data%20providing%20section%20plots%20and%20a%20new%20kind%20of%20animated%203D%20scenes.%20The%20basin-wide%203D%20scenes%20allow%20for%20viewing%20of%20data%20from%20many%20cruises%20at%20the%20same%20time%2C%20thereby%20providing%20quick%20overviews%20of%20large-scale%20tracer%20distributions.%20In%20addition%2C%20the%203D%20scenes%20provide%20geographical%20and%20bathymetric%20context%20that%20is%20crucial%20for%20the%20interpretation%20and%20assessment%20of%20observed%20tracer%20plumes%2C%20as%20well%20as%20for%20making%20inferences%20about%20controlling%20processes.%20%28C%29%202015%20The%20Authors.%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20B.V.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.marchem.2015.04.005%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220304-4203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XNJLUP4T%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Williams%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWilliams%2C%20N.%20L.%2C%20Feely%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20Sabine%2C%20C.%20L.%2C%20Dickson%2C%20A.%20G.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Talley%2C%20L.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Russell%2C%20J.%20L.%20%282015%29.%20Quantifying%20anthropogenic%20carbon%20inventory%20changes%20in%20the%20Pacific%20sector%20of%20the%20Southern%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3EMarine%20Chemistry%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E174%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20147%26%23x2013%3B160.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marchem.2015.06.015%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.marchem.2015.06.015%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Quantifying%20anthropogenic%20carbon%20inventory%20changes%20in%20the%20Pacific%20sector%20of%20the%20Southern%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Williams%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Feely%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sabine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dickson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Talley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Russell%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Southern%20Ocean%20plays%20a%20major%20role%20in%20mediating%20the%20uptake%2C%20transport%2C%20and%20long-term%20storage%20of%20anthropogenic%20carbon%20dioxide%20%28CO2%29%20into%20the%20deep%20ocean.%20Examining%20the%20magnitude%20and%20spatial%20distribution%20of%20this%20oceanic%20carbon%20uptake%20is%20critical%20to%20understanding%20how%20the%20earth%27s%20carbon%20system%20will%20react%20to%20continued%20increases%20in%20this%20greenhouse%20gas.%20Here%2C%20we%20use%20the%20extended%20multiple%20linear%20regression%20technique%20to%20quantify%20the%20total%20and%20anthropogenic%20change%20in%20dissolved%20inorganic%20carbon%20%28DIC%29%20along%20the%20S04P%20and%20P16S%20CLIVAR%5C%2FU.S.%20Global%20Ocean%20Carbon%20and%20Repeat%20Hydrography%20Program%20lines%20south%20of%2067%20degrees%20S%20in%20the%20Pacific%20sector%20of%20the%20Southern%20Ocean%20between%201992%20and%202011%20using%20discrete%20bottle%20measurements%20from%20repeat%20occupations.%20Along%20the%20S04P%20section%2C%20which%20is%20located%20in%20the%20seasonal%20sea%20ice%20zone%20south%20of%20the%20Antarctic%20Circumpolar%20Current%20in%20the%20Pacific%2C%20the%20anthropogenic%20component%20of%20the%20DIC%20increase%20from%201992%20to%202011%20is%20mostly%20found%20in%20the%20Antarctic%20Surface%20Water%20%28AASW%2C%20upper%20100%20m%29%2C%20while%20the%20increase%20in%20DIC%20below%20the%20mixed%20layer%20in%20the%20Circumpolar%20Deep%20Water%20can%20be%20primarily%20attributed%20to%20either%20a%20slowdown%20in%20circulation%20or%20decreased%20ventilation%20of%20deeper%2C%20high%20CO2%20waters.%20In%20the%20AASW%20we%20calculate%20an%20anthropogenic%20increase%20in%20DIC%20of%2012-18%20mu%20mol%20kg%28-1%29%20and%20an%20average%20storage%20rate%20of%20anthropogenic%20CO2%20of%200.10%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.02%20mol%20m%28-2%29%20yr%28-1%29%20for%20this%20region%20compared%20to%20a%20global%20average%20of%200.5%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.2%20mol%20m%28-2%29%20yr%28-1%29.%20In%20surface%20waters%20this%20anthropogenic%20CO2%20uptake%20results%20in%20an%20average%20pH%20decrease%20of%200.0022%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.0004%20pH%20units%20yr%28-1%29%2C%20a%200.47%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.10%25%20yr%28-1%29%20decrease%20in%20the%20saturation%20state%20of%20aragonite%20%28Omega%28Aragonite%29%29%20and%20a%202.0%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.7%20m%20yr%28-1%29%20shoaling%20of%20the%20aragonite%20saturation%20horizons%20%28calculated%20for%20the%20Omega%28Aragonite%29%20%3D%201.3%20contour%29.%20%28C%29%202015%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20B.V.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.marchem.2015.06.015%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220304-4203%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22AR4GIKGB%22%2C%22Z3DY53MV%22%2C%22VPDZGTEM%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-04-12T20%3A12%3A33Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YPYRIYXN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mills%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMills%2C%20M.%20M.%2C%20Brown%2C%20Z.%20W.%2C%20Lowry%2C%20K.%20E.%2C%20van%20Dijken%2C%20G.%20L.%2C%20Becker%2C%20S.%2C%20Pal%2C%20S.%2C%20Benitez-Nelson%2C%20C.%20R.%2C%20Downer%2C%20M.%20M.%2C%20Strong%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Pickart%2C%20R.%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Arrigo%2C%20K.%20R.%20%282015%29.%20Impacts%20of%20low%20phytoplankton%20NO3-%26%23x202F%3B%3APO43-%20utilization%20ratios%20over%20the%20Chukchi%20Shelf%2C%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20Ii-Topical%20Studies%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E118%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20105%26%23x2013%3B121.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2015.02.007%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2015.02.007%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Impacts%20of%20low%20phytoplankton%20NO3-%20%3APO43-%20utilization%20ratios%20over%20the%20Chukchi%20Shelf%2C%20Arctic%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mills%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Z.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brown%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lowry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Dijken%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Becker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benitez-Nelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Downer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Strong%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pickart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arrigo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20impact%20of%20Arctic%20denitrification%20is%20seen%20in%20the%20extremely%20low%20values%20for%20the%20geochemical%20tracer%20of%20microbial%20nitrogen%20%28N%29%20cycle%20source%5C%2Fsink%20processes%20N%2A%2A.%20%28Mordy%20at%20al.%202010%29.%20The%20utility%20of%20N%2A%2A%20as%20an%20oceanic%20tracer%20of%20microbial%20N%20cycle%20processes%2C%20however%2C%20relies%20on%20the%20assumption%20that%20phytoplankton%20utilize%20dissolved%20N%20and%20P%20in%20Redfield%20proportions%2C%20and%20thus%20changes%20in%20N%2A%2A%20are%20due%20to%20either%20N-2-fixation%20or%20denitrification.%20We%20present%20results%20from%20two%20cruises%20to%20the%20Chukchi%20Sea%20that%20quantify%20nutrient%20drawdown%2C%20nutrient%20deficits%2C%20and%20particulate%20nutrient%20concentrations%20to%20estimate%20production%20over%20the%20Chukchi%20Shelf%20and%20document%20lower%20than%20Redfield%20N%3AP%20utilization%20ratios%20by%20phytoplankton.%20These%20low%20ratios%20are%20used%20to%20calculate%20N%2A%2A%20%28assuming%20a%20Redfield%20NO3-%20%3APa-4%283-%29%20utilization%20ratio%29%20and%20N%2A%2A%28NR%29%20%28using%20the%20measured%20particulate%20N%3AP%20ratios%29%20and%2C%20combined%20with%20current%20flow%20speed%20and%20direction%20measurements%2C%20to%20diagnose%20denitrification%20rates%20on%20the%20Chukchi%20Shelf.%20Our%20estimates%20of%20denitrification%20rates%20are%20up%20to%2040%25%20higher%20when%20Redfield%20proportions%20are%20used.%20However%2C%20the%20denitrification%20rates%20we%20calculate%20using%20N%2A%2A%28NR%29%20are%20still%20higher%20than%20previous%20estimates%20%28up%20to%208%20fold%29%20of%20denitrification%20on%20the%20Chukchi%20shelf.%20These%20estimates%20suggest%20that%20Arctic%20shelves%20may%20be%20a%20greater%20sink%20of%20oceanic%20N%20than%20previously%20thought.%20%28C%29%202015%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2015.02.007%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0645%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22V5NSDNMV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Brown%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBrown%2C%20Z.%20W.%2C%20Casciotti%2C%20K.%20L.%2C%20Pickart%2C%20R.%20S.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Arrigo%2C%20K.%20R.%20%282015%29.%20Aspects%20of%20the%20marine%20nitrogen%20cycle%20of%20the%20Chukchi%20Sea%20shelf%20and%20Canada%20Basin.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20Ii-Topical%20Studies%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E118%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2073%26%23x2013%3B87.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2015.02.009%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2015.02.009%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Aspects%20of%20the%20marine%20nitrogen%20cycle%20of%20the%20Chukchi%20Sea%20shelf%20and%20Canada%20Basin%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Z.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brown%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Casciotti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pickart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arrigo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22As%20a%20highly%20productive%2C%20seasonally%20ice-covered%20sea%20with%20an%20expansive%20shallow%20continental%20shelf%2C%20the%20Chukchi%20Sea%20fuels%20high%20rates%20of%20sedimentary%20denitrification.%20This%20contributes%20to%20its%20fixed%20nitrogen%20%28N%29%20deficit%20relative%20to%20phosphorus%20%28P%29%2C%20which%20is%20among%20the%20largest%20in%20the%20global%20ocean%2C%20making%20the%20Chukchi%20Sea%20severely%20N-limited%20during%20the%20phytoplankton%20growth%20season.%20Here%2C%20we%20examine%20aspects%20of%20the%20N%20cycle%20on%20the%20Chukchi%20Sea%20shelf%20and%20the%20downstream%20Canada%20Basin%20using%20nutrients%2C%20dissolved%20oxygen%20%28O-2%29%2C%20and%20the%20stable%20isotopes%20of%20nitrate%20%28NO3-%29.%20In%20the%20northward%20flow%20path%20across%20the%20Chukchi%20shelf%2C%20bottom%20waters%20experienced%20strong%20O-2%20drawdown%2C%20from%20which%20we%20calculated%20a%20nitrification%20rate%20of%201.3%20mmol%20m%28-2%29%20d%28-1%29.%20This%20nitrification%20was%20likely%20primarily%20in%20sediments%20and%20directly%20fueled%20sedimentary%20denitrification%2C%20historically%20measured%20at%20similar%20rates.%20We%20observed%20significant%20accumulations%20of%20ammonium%20%28NH4%2B%29%20in%20bottom%20waters%20of%20the%20Chukchi%20shelf%20%28up%20to%20%3E%205%20mu%20M%29%2C%20which%20were%20inversely%20correlated%20with%20delta%20N-15%28NO3%29%2C%20indicating%20a%20sediment%20source%20of%20N-15-enriched%20NH4%2B.%20This%20is%20consistent%20with%20a%20process%20of%20coupled%20partial%20nitrification-denitrification%20%28CPND%29%2C%20which%20imparts%20significant%20N-15%20enrichment%20and%20O-18%20depletion%20to%20Pacific-origin%20NO3-.%20This%20CPND%20mechanism%20is%20consistent%20with%20a%20significant%20decrease%20in%20delta%20O-18%28NO3%29%20relative%20to%20Bering%20Sea%20source%20waters%2C%20indicating%20that%20at%20least%2058%25%20of%20NO3-%20populating%20the%20Pacific%20halocline%20was%20regenerated%20during%20its%20transit%20across%20the%20North%20Bering%20and%20Chukchi%20shelves%2C%20rather%20than%20arriving%20preformed%20from%20the%20Bering%20Sea%20slope.%20This%20Pacific-origin%20NO3-%20propagates%20into%20the%20Canada%20Basin%20and%20towards%20the%20North%20Atlantic%2C%20being%20significantly%20N-15-enriched%20and%20O-18-depleted%20relative%20to%20the%20underlying%20Atlantic%20waters.%20%28C%29%202015%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2015.02.009%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0645%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PNXIXNCK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Arrigo%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EArrigo%2C%20K.%20R.%2C%20Perovich%2C%20D.%20K.%2C%20Pickart%2C%20R.%20S.%2C%20Brown%2C%20Z.%20W.%2C%20van%20Dijken%2C%20G.%20L.%2C%20Lowry%2C%20K.%20E.%2C%20Mills%2C%20M.%20M.%2C%20Palmer%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Balch%2C%20W.%20M.%2C%20Bates%2C%20N.%20R.%2C%20Benitez-Nelson%2C%20C.%20R.%2C%20Brownlee%2C%20E.%2C%20Frey%2C%20K.%20E.%2C%20Laney%2C%20S.%20R.%2C%20Mathis%2C%20J.%2C%20Matsuoka%2C%20A.%2C%20Greg%20Mitchell%2C%20B.%2C%20Moore%2C%20G.%20W.%20K.%2C%20Reynolds%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282014%29.%20Phytoplankton%20blooms%20beneath%20the%20sea%20ice%20in%20the%20Chukchi%20sea.%20%3Ci%3EDeep%20Sea%20Research%20Part%20II%3A%20Topical%20Studies%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E105%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%280%29%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B16.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2014.03.018%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2014.03.018%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Phytoplankton%20blooms%20beneath%20the%20sea%20ice%20in%20the%20Chukchi%20sea%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kevin%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arrigo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Donald%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perovich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pickart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zachary%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brown%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gert%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Dijken%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kate%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lowry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mills%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Molly%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Palmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bates%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Claudia%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benitez-Nelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emily%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brownlee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karen%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Samuel%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeremy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mathis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Atsushi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Matsuoka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Greg%20Mitchell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20W.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moore%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rick%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reynolds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Heidi%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sosik%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%2C%20phytoplankton%20blooms%20on%20continental%20shelves%20are%20often%20limited%20by%20light%20availability%2C%20and%20are%20therefore%20thought%20to%20be%20restricted%20to%20waters%20free%20of%20sea%20ice.%20During%20July%202011%20in%20the%20Chukchi%20Sea%2C%20a%20large%20phytoplankton%20bloom%20was%20observed%20beneath%20fully%20consolidated%20pack%20ice%20and%20extended%20from%20the%20ice%20edge%20to%20%3E100%20km%20into%20the%20pack.%20The%20bloom%20was%20composed%20primarily%20of%20diatoms%2C%20with%20biomass%20reaching%201291%20mg%20chlorophyll%20a%20m%5Cu22122%20and%20rates%20of%20carbon%20fixation%20as%20high%20as%203.7%20g%20C%20m%5Cu22122%20d%5Cu22121.%20Although%20the%20sea%20ice%20where%20the%20bloom%20was%20observed%20was%20near%20100%25%20concentration%20and%200.8%5Cu20131.2%20m%20thick%2C%2030%5Cu201340%25%20of%20its%20surface%20was%20covered%20by%20melt%20ponds%20that%20transmitted%204-fold%20more%20light%20than%20adjacent%20areas%20of%20bare%20ice%2C%20providing%20sufficient%20light%20for%20phytoplankton%20to%20bloom.%20Phytoplankton%20growth%20rates%20associated%20with%20the%20under-ice%20bloom%20averaged%200.9%20d%5Cu22121%20and%20were%20as%20high%20as%201.6%20d%5Cu22121.%20We%20argue%20that%20a%20thinning%20sea%20ice%20cover%20with%20more%20numerous%20melt%20ponds%20over%20the%20past%20decade%20has%20enhanced%20light%20penetration%20through%20the%20sea%20ice%20into%20the%20upper%20water%20column%2C%20favoring%20the%20development%20of%20these%20blooms.%20These%20observations%2C%20coupled%20with%20additional%20biogeochemical%20evidence%2C%20suggest%20that%20phytoplankton%20blooms%20are%20currently%20widespread%20on%20nutrient-rich%20Arctic%20continental%20shelves%20and%20that%20satellite-based%20estimates%20of%20annual%20primary%20production%20in%20waters%20where%20under-ice%20blooms%20develop%20are%20~10-fold%20too%20low.%20These%20massive%20phytoplankton%20blooms%20represent%20a%20marked%20shift%20in%20our%20understanding%20of%20Arctic%20marine%20ecosystems.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2014.03.018%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0645%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%2C%22RTQRQMRP%22%2C%22GAZRXK5T%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-07-31T23%3A20%3A02Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PKI2HMS5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Downes%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDownes%2C%20S.%20M.%2C%20Key%2C%20R.%20M.%2C%20Orsi%2C%20A.%20H.%2C%20Speer%2C%20K.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282012%29.%20Tracing%20Southwest%20Pacific%20Bottom%20Water%20Using%20Potential%20Vorticity%20and%20Helium-3.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Physical%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E42%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29%2C%202153%26%23x2013%3B2168.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fjpo-d-12-019.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fjpo-d-12-019.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Tracing%20Southwest%20Pacific%20Bottom%20Water%20Using%20Potential%20Vorticity%20and%20Helium-3%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Downes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Key%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Orsi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Speer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20study%20uses%20potential%20vorticity%20and%20other%20tracers%20to%20identify%20the%20pathways%20of%20the%20densest%20form%20of%20Circumpolar%20Deep%20Water%20in%20the%20South%20Pacific%2C%20termed%20%5C%22Southwest%20Pacific%20Bottom%20Water%5C%22%20%28SPBW%29%2C%20along%20the%2028.2%20kg%20m%28-3%29%20surface.%20This%20study%20focuses%20on%20the%20potential%20vorticity%20signals%20associated%20with%20three%20major%20dynamical%20processes%20occurring%20in%20the%20vicinity%20of%20the%20Pacific-Antarctic%20Ridge%3A%201%29%20the%20strong%20flow%20of%20the%20Antarctic%20Circumpolar%20Current%20%28ACC%29%2C%202%29%20lateral%20eddy%20stirring%2C%20and%203%29%20heat%20and%20stratification%20changes%20in%20bottom%20waters%20induced%20by%20hydrothermal%20vents.%20These%20processes%20result%20in%20southward%20and%20downstream%20advection%20of%20low%20potential%20vorticity%20along%20rising%20isopycnal%20surfaces.%20Using%20delta%20He-3%20released%20from%20the%20hydrothermal%20vents%2C%20the%20influence%20of%20volcanic%20activity%20on%20the%20SPBW%20may%20be%20traced%20across%20the%20South%20Pacific%20along%20the%20path%20of%20the%20ACC%20to%20Drake%20Passage.%20SPBW%20also%20flows%20within%20the%20southern%20limb%20of%20the%20Ross%20Gyre%2C%20reaching%20the%20Antarctic%20Slope%20in%20places%20and%20contributes%20via%20entrainment%20to%20the%20formation%20of%20Antarctic%20Bottom%20Water.%20Finally%2C%20it%20is%20shown%20that%20the%20magnitude%20and%20location%20of%20the%20potential%20vorticity%20signals%20associated%20with%20SPBW%20have%20endured%20over%20at%20least%20the%20last%20two%20decades%2C%20and%20that%20they%20are%20unique%20to%20the%20South%20Pacific%20sector.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%202012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2Fjpo-d-12-019.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220022-3670%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226SRH86JP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Arrigo%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EArrigo%2C%20K.%20R.%2C%20Perovich%2C%20D.%20K.%2C%20Pickart%2C%20R.%20S.%2C%20Brown%2C%20Z.%20W.%2C%20van%20Dijken%2C%20G.%20L.%2C%20Lowry%2C%20K.%20E.%2C%20Mills%2C%20M.%20M.%2C%20Palmer%2C%20M.%20A.%2C%20Balch%2C%20W.%20M.%2C%20Bahr%2C%20F.%2C%20Bates%2C%20N.%20R.%2C%20Benitez-Nelson%2C%20C.%2C%20Bowler%2C%20B.%2C%20Brownlee%2C%20E.%2C%20Ehn%2C%20J.%20K.%2C%20Frey%2C%20K.%20E.%2C%20Garley%2C%20R.%2C%20Laney%2C%20S.%20R.%2C%20Lubelczyk%2C%20L.%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282012%29.%20Massive%20phytoplankton%20blooms%20under%20Arctic%20sea%20ice.%20%3Ci%3EScience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E336%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%201408.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1215065%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1126%5C%2Fscience.1215065%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Massive%20phytoplankton%20blooms%20under%20Arctic%20sea%20ice%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kevin%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Arrigo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Donald%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perovich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Robert%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pickart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Zachary%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brown%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Gert%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22van%20Dijken%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kate%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lowry%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mills%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Molly%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Palmer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22William%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Balch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Frank%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bahr%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nicholas%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bates%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Claudia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Benitez-Nelson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bruce%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emily%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brownlee%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jens%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ehn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karen%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frey%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rebecca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Samuel%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laney%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laura%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lubelczyk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeremy%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mathis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Atsushi%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Matsuoka%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20Greg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mitchell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20W.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moore%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eva%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ortega-Retuerta%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sharmila%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chris%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Polashenski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Rick%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reynolds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schieber%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Heidi%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sosik%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stephens%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%3Cp%3EPhytoplankton%20blooms%20over%20Arctic%20Ocean%20continental%20shelves%20are%20thought%20to%20be%20restricted%20to%20waters%20free%20of%20sea%20ice.%20Here%2C%20we%20document%20a%20massive%20phytoplankton%20bloom%20beneath%20fully%20consolidated%20pack%20ice%20far%20from%20the%20ice%20edge%20in%20the%20Chukchi%20Sea%2C%20where%20light%20transmission%20has%20increased%20in%20recent%20decades%20because%20of%20thinning%20ice%20cover%20and%20proliferation%20of%20melt%20ponds.%20The%20bloom%20was%20characterized%20by%20high%20diatom%20biomass%20and%20rates%20of%20growth%20and%20primary%20production.%20Evidence%20suggests%20that%20under-ice%20phytoplankton%20blooms%20may%20be%20more%20widespread%20over%20nutrient-rich%20Arctic%20continental%20shelves%20and%20that%20satellite-based%20estimates%20of%20annual%20primary%20production%20in%20these%20waters%20may%20be%20underestimated%20by%20up%20to%2010-fold.%3C%5C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1126%5C%2Fscience.1215065%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22Q7G78347%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Anderson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAnderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Tanhua%2C%20T.%2C%20Bjork%2C%20G.%2C%20Hjalmarsson%2C%20S.%2C%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Jutterstrom%2C%20S.%2C%20Rudels%2C%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wahlstom%2C%20I.%20%282010%29.%20Arctic%20ocean%20shelf-basin%20interaction%3A%20An%20active%20continental%20shelf%20CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20pump%20and%20its%20impact%20on%20the%20degree%20of%20calcium%20carbonate%20solubility.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20I-Oceanographic%20Research%20Papers%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E57%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29%2C%20869%26%23x2013%3B879.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr.2010.03.012%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr.2010.03.012%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Arctic%20ocean%20shelf-basin%20interaction%3A%20An%20active%20continental%20shelf%20CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20pump%20and%20its%20impact%20on%20the%20degree%20of%20calcium%20carbonate%20solubility%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tanhua%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bjork%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hjalmarsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jutterstrom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rudels%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wahlstom%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Arctic%20Ocean%20has%20wide%20shelf%20areas%20with%20extensive%20biological%20activity%20including%20a%20high%20primary%20productivity%20and%20an%20active%20microbial%20loop%20within%20the%20surface%20sediment.%20This%20in%20combination%20with%20brine%20production%20during%20sea%20ice%20formation%20result%20in%20the%20decay%20products%20exiting%20from%20the%20shelf%20into%20the%20deep%20basin%20typically%20at%20a%20depth%20of%20about%20150%20m%20and%20over%20a%20wide%20salinity%20range%20centered%20around%20S%20similar%20to%2033.%20We%20present%20data%20from%20the%20Beringia%20cruise%20in%202005%20along%20a%20section%20in%20the%20Canada%20Basin%20from%20the%20continental%20margin%20north%20of%20Alaska%20towards%20the%20north%20and%20from%20the%20International%20Siberian%20Shelf%20Study%20in%202008%20%28ISSS-08%29%20to%20illustrate%20the%20impact%20of%20these%20processes.%20The%20water%20rich%20in%20decay%20products%2C%20nutrients%20and%20dissolved%20inorganic%20carbon%20%28DIC%29%2C%20exits%20the%20shelf%20not%20only%20from%20the%20Chukchi%20Sea%2C%20as%20has%20been%20shown%20earlier%2C%20but%20also%20from%20the%20East%20Siberian%20Sea.%20The%20excess%20of%20DIC%20found%20in%20the%20Canada%20Basin%20in%20a%20depth%20range%20of%20about%2050-250%20m%20amounts%20to%2090%20%2B%5C%2F-%2040%20g%20C%20m%28-2%29.%20If%20this%20excess%20is%20integrated%20over%20the%20whole%20Canadian%20Basin%20the%20excess%20equals%20320%20%2B%5C%2F-%20140%20x%2010%2812%29%20g%20C.%20The%20high%20DIC%20concentration%20layer%20also%20has%20low%20pH%20and%20consequently%20a%20low%20degree%20of%20calcium%20carbonate%20saturation%2C%20with%20minimum%20aragonite%20values%20of%2060%25%20saturation%20and%20calcite%20values%20just%20below%20saturation.%20The%20mean%20age%20of%20the%20waters%20in%20the%20top%20300%20m%20was%20calculated%20using%20the%20transit%20time%20distribution%20method.%20By%20applying%20a%20future%20exponential%20increase%20of%20atmospheric%20CO2%20the%20invasion%20of%20anthropogenic%20carbon%20into%20these%20waters%20will%20result%20in%20an%20under-saturated%20surface%20water%20with%20respect%20to%20aragonite%20by%20the%20year%202050%2C%20even%20without%20any%20freshening%20caused%20by%20melting%20sea%20ice%20or%20increased%20river%20discharge.%20%28C%29%202010%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%202010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr.2010.03.012%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0637%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XAVDYFUH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Codispoti%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECodispoti%2C%20L.%20A.%2C%20Flagg%2C%20C.%20N.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282009%29.%20Hydrographic%20conditions%20during%20the%202004%20SBI%20process%20experiments.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20Ii-Topical%20Studies%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E56%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2817%29%2C%201144%26%23x2013%3B1163.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2008.10.013%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2008.10.013%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hydrographic%20conditions%20during%20the%202004%20SBI%20process%20experiments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Codispoti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Flagg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Western%20Arctic%20Shelf-Basin%20Interactions%20%28SBI%29%20process%20experiment%20cruises%20were%20conducted%20during%20spring%20and%20summer%20in%202002%20and%202004.%20A%20comparison%20of%20the%202004%20data%20with%20the%20results%20from%202002%20reveals%20several%20similarities%20but%20also%20some%20distinct%20differences.%20Similarities%20included%20the%20following%3A%20%281%29%20Dissolved%20inorganic%20nitrogen%20%28DIN%29%20%28ammonium%2Bnitrate%2Bnitrite%29%20limited%20phytoplankton%20growth%20in%20both%20years%2C%20suggesting%20that%20the%20fixed-N%20transport%20through%20Bering%20Strait%20is%20a%20major%20control%20on%20biological%20productivity.%20%282%29%20The%20head%20of%20Barrow%20Canyon%20was%20a%20region%20of%20enhanced%20biological%20production.%20%283%29%20Plume-like%20nutrient%20maxima%20and%20N%2A%2A%20minima%20%28a%20signal%20of%20sedimentary%20denitrification%29%20extending%20from%20the%20shelf%20into%20the%20interior%20were%20common%20except%20at%20our%20easternmost%20section%20where%20the%20nearshore%20end%20of%20these%20features%20intersected%20the%20slope.%20%284%29%20Particularly%20during%20summer%2C%20oxygen%20supersaturations%20were%20common%20in%20or%20just%20above%20the%20shallow%20nitracline.%20%285%29%20Surface%20waters%20at%20our%20deepest%20stations%20were%20already%20depleted%20in%20nitrate%2C%20ammonium%20and%20urea%20during%20our%20springtime%20observations.%20A%20major%20difference%20between%20the%202%20years%20was%20the%20greater%20influence%20of%20warm%2C%20relatively%20low-nutrient%20Alaska%20Coastal%20Water%20%28ACW%29%20during%202004%20entering%20the%20region%20via%20Bering%20Strait.%20This%20increased%20inflow%20of%20ACW%20may%20have%20reduced%20photic%20zone%20nutrient%20concentrations.%20The%20differences%20in%20water%20temperature%20and%20nutrients%20were%20most%20pronounced%20in%20the%20upper%20similar%20to%20100%20db%2C%20and%20the%20increased%20influence%20of%20warm%20water%20in%202004%20relative%20to%202002%20was%20most%20evident%20in%20our%20East%20Barrow%20%28EB%29%20section.%20Although%20the%20EB%20data%20were%20collected%20on%20essentially%20the%20same%20year-days%20%2829%20July-4%20August%202002%20vs.%2029%20July-6%20August%202004%29%2C%20the%20surface%20layers%20were%20up%20to%205%20degrees%20warmer%20in%202004.%20While%20the%20stronger%20inflow%20of%20ACW%20in%202004%20may%20have%20reduced%20the%20autochthonous%20nutrient%20supply%2C%20rates%20of%20primary%20production%2C%20bacterial%20production%2C%20and%20particulate%20organic%20carbon%20export%20were%20higher%20in%202004.%20This%20conundrum%20might%20be%20explained%20by%20differences%20in%20the%20availability%20of%20light.%20Although%2C%20springtime%20ice%20thicknesses%20were%20greater%20in%202004%20than%20in%202002%2C%20snow%20cover%20was%20significantly%20less%20and%20may%20have%20more%20than%20compensated%20for%20the%20modest%20differences%20in%20ice%20thickness%20vis%20a%20vis%20light%20penetration.%20In%20addition%2C%20there%20was%20a%20rapid%20and%20extensive%20retreat%20of%20the%20ice%20cover%20in%20summer%202004.%20Increased%20light%20penetration%20in%202004%20may%20have%20allowed%20phytoplankton%20to%20increase%20utilization%20of%20nutrients%20in%20the%20shallow%20nitracline.%20In%20addition%2C%20more%20light%20combined%20with%20warmer%20temperatures%20could%20enhance%20that%20fraction%20of%20primary%20production%20supported%20by%20nutrient%20recycling.%20Enhanced%20subsurface%20primary%20production%20during%20summer%202004%20is%20suggested%20not%20only%20by%20the%20results%20of%20incubation%20experiments%20but%20by%20more%20extreme%20dissolved%20oxygen%20supersaturations%20in%20the%20vicinity%20of%20the%20nitracline.%20We%20cannot%2C%20however%2C%20ignore%20aliasing%20that%20might%20arise%20from%20somewhat%20different%20station%20distributions%20and%20timing.%20It%20is%20also%20possible%20that%20the%20rapid%20ice%20retreat%20and%20warmer%20temperatures%20lead%20to%20an%20acceleration%20in%20the%20seasonal%20progression%20of%20biological%20processes%20such%20that%20the%20summer%202004%20SBI%20Process%20Cruise%20%28HLY%2004-03%29%20experiment%20was%20observing%20a%20state%20that%20might%20have%20existed%20a%20few%20weeks%20after%20completion%20of%20the%202002%20summer%20cruise%20%28HLY%2002-03%29.%20Despite%20these%20complications%2C%20there%20is%20little%20doubt%20that%20biological%20conditions%20at%20the%20ensemble%20of%20hydrographic%20stations%20occupied%20in%202004%20during%20the%20SBI%20Process%20Cruises%20differed%20significantly%20from%20those%20at%20the%20stations%20occupied%20in%202002.%20%28c%29%202008%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%202009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2008.10.013%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0645%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DC6QB6LR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jones%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Jutterstrom%2C%20S.%2C%20Mintrop%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282008%29.%20Pacific%20freshwater%2C%20river%20water%20and%20sea%20ice%20meltwater%20across%20Arctic%20Ocean%20basins%3A%20Results%20from%20the%202005%20Beringia%20Expedition.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E113%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28C8%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2007jc004124%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2007jc004124%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Pacific%20freshwater%2C%20river%20water%20and%20sea%20ice%20meltwater%20across%20Arctic%20Ocean%20basins%3A%20Results%20from%20the%202005%20Beringia%20Expedition%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jutterstrom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mintrop%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Pacific%20water%2C%20sea%20ice%20meltwater%2C%20and%20river%20water%20are%20the%20primary%20sources%20of%20freshwater%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20We%20have%20determined%20their%20relative%20fractions%20on%20a%20transect%20across%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20Section%202005%20Expedition%20onboard%20IB%20Oden%2C%20which%20took%20place%20from%2021%20August%20to%2023%20September%202005.%20The%20transect%20began%20north%20of%20Alaska%2C%20continued%20through%20the%20central%20Canada%20Basin%20to%20the%20Alpha%20Ridge%20and%20into%20the%20Makarov%20Basin%2C%20and%20ended%20in%20Amundsen%20Basin.%20Pacific%20freshwater%20and%20river%20water%20were%20the%20major%20sources%20of%20freshwater%20throughout%20the%20central%20Canada%20Basin%20and%20into%20Makarov%20Basin%2C%20with%20river%20water%20fractions%20sometimes%20considerably%20higher%20than%20Pacific%20water%20in%20the%20top%20similar%20to%2050%20m.%20Pacific%20freshwater%20extended%20to%20depths%20of%20about%20200%20m.%20Pacific%20water%20found%20over%20the%20Alpha%20Ridge%20and%20in%20the%20Amundsen%20Basin%20is%20suggested%20to%20have%20been%20transported%20there%20in%20the%20Transpolar%20Drift.%20The%20inventories%20of%20Pacific%20freshwater%20and%20river%20water%20were%20roughly%20constant%20along%20the%20section%20through%20most%20of%20the%20Canada%20and%20Makarov%20basins.%20River%20water%20fractions%20were%20greater%20than%20those%20of%20Pacific%20freshwater%20in%20the%20Amundsen%20Basin.%20Sea%20ice%20meltwater%20fractions%20were%20negative%20%28reflecting%20net%20ice%20formation%29%20or%20near%20zero%20throughout%20most%20of%20the%20section.%20A%20comparison%20of%20freshwater%20inventories%20with%20those%20at%20stations%20occupied%20during%20expeditions%20in%201991%2C%201994%2C%20and%201996%20indicated%20an%20increase%20in%20river%20water%20inventories%20in%20the%20Makarov%20and%20Amundsen%20basins%20on%20the%20Eurasian%20side%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2007jc004124%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-0227%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VFALWK2U%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Marnela%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMarnela%2C%20M.%2C%20Rudels%2C%20B.%2C%20Olsson%2C%20K.%20A.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Jeansson%2C%20E.%2C%20Torres%2C%20D.%20J.%2C%20Messias%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Watson%2C%20A.%20J.%20%282008%29.%20Transports%20of%20Nordic%20Seas%20water%20masses%20and%20excess%20SF%3Csub%3E6%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20through%20Fram%20Strait%20to%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3EProgress%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E78%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B11.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2007.06.004%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2007.06.004%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Transports%20of%20Nordic%20Seas%20water%20masses%20and%20excess%20SF%3Csub%3E6%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20through%20Fram%20Strait%20to%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Marnela%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rudels%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jeansson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Torres%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Messias%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Watson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22To%20determine%20the%20exchanges%20between%20the%20Nordic%20Seas%20and%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20through%20Fram%20Strait%20is%20one%20of%20the%20most%20important%20aspects%2C%20and%20one%20of%20the%20major%20challenges%2C%20in%20describing%20the%20circulation%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Mediterranean%20Sea.%20Especially%20the%20northward%20transport%20of%20Arctic%20Intermediate%20Water%20%28AIW%29%20from%20the%20Nordic%20Seas%20into%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20is%20little%20known.%20In%20the%20two-ship%20study%20of%20the%20circulation%20in%20the%20Nordic%20Seas%2C%20Arctic%20Ocean%20-%202002%2C%20the%20Swedish%20icebreaker%20Oden%20operated%20in%20the%20ice-covered%20areas%20in%20and%20north%20of%20Fram%20Strait%20and%20in%20the%20western%20margins%20of%20Greenland%20and%20Iceland%20seas%2C%20while%20RV%20Knorr%20of%20Woods%20Hole%20worked%20in%20the%20ice%20free%20part%20of%20the%20Nordic%20Seas.%20Here%20two%20hydrographic%20sections%20obtained%20by%20Oden%2C%20augmented%20by%20tracer%20and%20velocity%20measurements%20with%20Lowered%20Acoustic%20Doppler%20Current%20Profiler%20%28LADCP%29%2C%20are%20examined.%20The%20first%20section%2C%20reaching%20from%20the%20Svalbard%20shelf%20across%20the%20Yermak%20Plateau%2C%20covers%20the%20region%20north%20of%20Svalbard%20where%20inflow%20to%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20takes%20place.%20The%20second%2C%20western%2C%20section%20spans%20the%20outflow%20area%20extending%20from%20west%20of%20the%20Yermak%20Plateau%20onto%20the%20Greenland%20shelf.%20Geostrophic%20and%20LADCP%20derived%20velocities%20are%20both%20used%20to%20estimate%20the%20exchanges%20of%20water%20masses%20between%20the%20Nordic%20Seas%20and%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20The%20geostrophic%20computations%20indicate%20a%20total%20flow%20of%203.6%20Sv%20entering%20the%20Arctic%20on%20the%20eastern%20section.%20The%20southward%20flow%20on%20the%20western%20section%20is%20found%20to%20be%205.1%20Sv.%20The%20total%20inflow%20to%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20obtained%20using%20the%20LADCP%20derived%20velocities%20is%20much%20larger%2C%2013.6%20Sv%2C%20and%20the%20southward%20transport%20on%20the%20western%20section%20is%2013.7%20Sv%2C%20equal%20to%20the%20northward%20transport%20north%20of%20Svalbard.%20Sulphur%20hexafluoricle%20%28SF%286%29%29%20originating%20from%20a%20tracer%20release%20experiment%20in%20the%20Greenland%20Sea%20in%201996%20has%20become%20a%20marker%20for%20the%20circulation%20of%20AIW.%20From%20the%20geostrophic%20velocities%20we%20obtain%200.5%20Sv%20and%20from%20the%20LADCP%20derived%20velocities%202.8%20Sv%20of%20AIW%20flowing%20into%20the%20Arctic.%20The%20annual%20transport%20of%20SF%286%29%20into%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20derived%20from%20geostrophy%20is%205%20kg%5C%2Fyear%2C%20which%20is%20of%20the%20same%20magnitude%20as%20the%20observed%20total%20annual%20transport%20into%20the%20North%20Atlantic%2C%20while%20the%20LADCP%20measurements%20%2819%20kg%5C%2Fyear%29%20imply%20that%20it%20is%20substantially%20larger.%20Little%20SF%286%29%20was%20found%20on%20the%20western%20section%2C%20confirming%20the%20dominance%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20water%20masses%20and%20indicating%20that%20the%20major%20recirculation%20in%20Fram%20Strait%20takes%20place%20farther%20to%20the%20south.%20%28C%29%202008%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2007.06.004%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220079-6611%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22MGLQ54NG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jeansson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJeansson%2C%20E.%2C%20Jutterstroem%2C%20S.%2C%20Rudels%2C%20B.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Olsson%2C%20K.%20A.%2C%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Smethie%2C%20W.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282008%29.%20Sources%20to%20the%20East%20Greenland%20Current%20and%20its%20contribution%20to%20the%20Denmark%20Strait%20Overflow.%20%3Ci%3EProgress%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E78%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2012%26%23x2013%3B28.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2007.08.031%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2007.08.031%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sources%20to%20the%20East%20Greenland%20Current%20and%20its%20contribution%20to%20the%20Denmark%20Strait%20Overflow%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jeansson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jutterstroem%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rudels%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Olsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smethie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Data%20from%20the%20East%20Greenland%20Current%20in%202002%20are%20evaluated%20using%20optimum%20multiparameter%20analysis.%20The%20current%20is%20followed%20from%20north%20of%20Fram%20Strait%20to%20the%20Denmark%20Strait%20Sill%20and%20the%20contributions%20of%20different%20source%20waters%2C%20in%20mass%20fractions%2C%20are%20deduced.%20From%20the%20results%20it%20can%20be%20concluded%20that%2C%20at%20least%20in%20spring%202002%2C%20the%20East%20Greenland%20Current%20was%20the%20main%20source%20for%20the%20waters%20found%20at%20the%20Denmark%20Strait%20Sill%2C%20contributing%20to%20the%20overflow%20into%20the%20North%20Atlantic.%20The%20East%20Greenland%20Current%20carried%20water%20masses%20from%20different%20source%20regions%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%2C%20the%20West%20Spitsbergen%20Current%20and%20the%20Greenland%20Sea.%20The%20results%20agree%20well%20with%20the%20known%20circulation%20of%20the%20western%20Nordic%20Seas%20but%20also%20add%20knowledge%20both%20to%20the%20quantification%20and%20to%20the%20mixing%20processes%2C%20showing%20the%20importance%20of%20the%20locally%20formed%20Greenland%20Sea%20Arctic%20Intermediate%20Water%20for%20the%20East%20Greenland%20Current%20and%20the%20Denmark%20Strait.%20%28C%29%202008%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2007.08.031%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220079-6611%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HZJTY5GS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jones%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Jutterstrom%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282008%29.%20Sources%20and%20distribution%20of%20fresh%20water%20in%20the%20East%20Greenland%20Current.%20%3Ci%3EProgress%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E78%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2037%26%23x2013%3B44.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2007.06.003%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2007.06.003%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sources%20and%20distribution%20of%20fresh%20water%20in%20the%20East%20Greenland%20Current%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jutterstrom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Fresh%20water%20flowing%20from%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20via%20the%20East%20Greenland%20Current%20influences%20deep%20water%20formation%20in%20the%20Nordic%20Seas%20as%20well%20as%20the%20salinity%20of%20the%20surface%20and%20deep%20waters%20flowing%20from%20there.%20This%20fresh%20water%20has%20three%20sources%3A%20Pacific%20water%20%28relatively%20fresh%20cf.%20Atlantic%20water%29%2C%20river%20runoff%2C%20and%20sea%20ice%20meltwater.%20To%20determine%20the%20relative%20amounts%20of%20the%20three%20sources%20of%20fresh%20water%2C%20in%20May%202002%20we%20collected%20water%20samples%20across%20the%20East%20Greenland%20Current%20in%20sections%20from%2081.5%20degrees%20N%20to%20the%20Irminger%20Sea%20south%20of%20Denmark%20Strait.%20We%20used%20nitrate-phosphate%20relationships%20to%20distinguish%20Pacific%20waters%20from%20Atlantic%20waters%2C%20salinity%20to%20obtain%20the%20sum%20of%20sea%20ice%20melt%20water%20and%20river%20runoff%20water%2C%20and%20total%20alkalinity%20to%20distinguish%20the%20latter.%20River%20runoff%20contributed%20the%20largest%20part%20of%20the%20total%20fresh%20water%20component%2C%20in%20some%20regions%20with%20some%20inventories%20exceeding%2012%20m.%20Pacific%20fresh%20water%20%28Pacific%20source%20water%20S%20similar%20to%2032%20cf%20Atlantic%20source%20water%20S%20similar%20to%2034.9%29%20typically%20provided%20about%201%5C%2F3%20of%20the%20river%20runoff%20contribution.%20Sea%20ice%20meltwater%20was%20very%20nearly%20non-existent%20in%20the%20surface%20waters%20of%20all%20sections%2C%20likely%20at%20least%20in%20part%20as%20a%20result%20of%20the%20samples%20being%20collected%20before%20the%20onset%20of%20the%20melt%20season.%20The%20fresh%20water%20from%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20was%20strongly%20confined%20to%20near%20the%20Greenland%20coast.%20We%20thus%20conjecture%20that%20the%20main%20source%20of%20fresh%20water%20from%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20most%20strongly%20impacting%20deep%20convection%20in%20the%20Nordic%20Seas%20would%20be%20sea%20ice%20as%20opposed%20to%20fresh%20water%20in%20the%20liquid%20phase%2C%20i.e.%2C%20river%20runoff%2C%20Pacific%20fresh%20water%2C%20and%20sea%20ice%20meltwater.%20Crown%20Copyright%20%28C%29%202008%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2007.06.003%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220079-6611%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2297Y3IJJU%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jutterstrom%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJutterstrom%2C%20S.%2C%20Jeansson%2C%20E.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Bellerby%2C%20R.%2C%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Smethie%2C%20W.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282008%29.%20Evaluation%20of%20anthropogenic%20carbon%20in%20the%20Nordic%20Seas%20using%20observed%20relationships%20of%20N%2C%20P%20and%20C%20versus%20CFCs.%20%3Ci%3EProgress%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E78%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2078%26%23x2013%3B84.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2007.06.001%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2007.06.001%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Evaluation%20of%20anthropogenic%20carbon%20in%20the%20Nordic%20Seas%20using%20observed%20relationships%20of%20N%2C%20P%20and%20C%20versus%20CFCs%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jutterstrom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jeansson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bellerby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smethie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Several%20methods%20to%20compute%20the%20anthropogenic%20component%20of%20total%20dissolved%20inorganic%20carbon%20%28C-T%28anthro%29%29%20the%20ocean%20have%20been%20reported%2C%20all%20in%20some%20way%20deducing%20%28a%29%20the%20effect%20by%20the%20natural%20processes%2C%20and%20%28b%29%20the%20background%20concentration%20in%20the%20pre-industrial%20scenario.%20In%20this%20work%20we%20present%20a%20method%20of%20calculating%20C-T%28anthro%29%20using%20nutrient%20and%20CFC%20data%2C%20which%20takes%20advantage%20of%20the%20linear%20relationships%20found%20between%20nitrate%20%28N%29%2C%20phosphate%20%28P%29%20and%20CFC-11%20in%20the%20Nordic%20Seas%20sub-surface%20waters.%20The%20basis%20of%20the%20method%20is%20that%20older%20water%20has%20lower%20CFC-11%20concentration%20and%20also%20has%20been%20exposed%20to%20more%20sinking%20organic%20matter%20that%20has%20decayed%2C%20resulting%20in%20the%20slopes%20of%20P%20versus%20CFC-11%20and%20N%20versus%20CFC-11%20being%20close%20to%20the%20classic%20Redfield%20ratio%20of%201%3A16.%20Combining%20this%20with%20the%20slope%20in%20total%20alkalinity%20%28A%28T%29%29%20versus%20CFC-11%20to%20correct%20for%20the%20dissolution%20of%20metal%20carbonates%20gives%20us%20the%20possibility%20to%20deduce%20the%20concentration%20of%20anthropogenic%20C-T%20in%20the%20Nordic%20Seas.%20This%20further%20allowed%20us%20to%20compute%20the%20inventory%20of%20anthropogenic%20C-T%20below%20250%20m%20in%20the%20Nordic%20Seas%20in%20spring%202002%2C%20to%20similar%20to%201.2%20Gt%20C.%20%28C%29%202008%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.pocean.2007.06.001%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220079-6611%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CJ6YEU57%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Aagaard%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222008-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAagaard%2C%20K.%2C%20Andersen%2C%20R.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Johnson%2C%20J.%20%282008%29.%20A%20large%20eddy%20in%20the%20central%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E35%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2008gl033461%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2008gl033461%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20large%20eddy%20in%20the%20central%20Arctic%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aagaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andersen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%5B1%5D%20Long-term%20moored%20measurements%20of%20temperature%2C%20salinity%2C%20and%20velocity%20over%20the%20abyssal%20plain%20near%20the%20North%20Pole%20show%20a%20rich%20array%20of%20eddy-like%20structures%20over%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20depths.%20Here%20we%20demonstrate%20an%20anticyclone%20that%20extends%20from%20the%20surface%20to%20at%20least%201700%20m%2C%20is%20about%2060%20km%20across%2C%20and%20has%20a%20likely%20origin%20along%20the%20Eurasian%20continental%20margin.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%202008%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2008gl033461%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22L7TJL9GR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bjork%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBjork%2C%20G.%2C%20Jakobsson%2C%20M.%2C%20Rudes%2C%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20L.%2C%20Darby%2C%20D.%20A.%2C%20Backman%2C%20J.%2C%20Coakley%2C%20B.%2C%20Winsor%2C%20P.%2C%20Polyak%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Edwards%2C%20M.%20%282007%29.%20Bathymetry%20and%20deep-water%20exchange%20across%20the%20central%20Lomonosov%20Ridge%20at%2088-89%26%23xB0%3BN.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20I-Oceanographic%20Research%20Papers%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E54%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%201197%26%23x2013%3B1208.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr.2007.05.010%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr.2007.05.010%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Bathymetry%20and%20deep-water%20exchange%20across%20the%20central%20Lomonosov%20Ridge%20at%2088-89%5Cu00b0N%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bjork%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jakobsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rudes%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Darby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Backman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Coakley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Winsor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Polyak%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Edwards%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Seafloor%20mapping%20of%20the%20central%20Lomonosov%20Ridge%20using%20a%20multibeam%20echo-sounder%20during%20the%20Beringia%5C%2FHealy-Oden%20Trans-Arctic%20Expedition%20%28HOTRAX%29%202005%20shows%20that%20a%20channel%20across%20the%20ridge%20has%20a%20substantially%20shallower%20sill%20depth%20than%20the%20similar%20to%202500%20m%20indicated%20in%20present%20bathymetric%20maps.%20The%20multibeam%20survey%20along%20the%20ridge%20crest%20shows%20a%20maximum%20sill%20depth%20of%20about%201870%20m.%20A%20previously%20hypothesized%20exchange%20of%20deep%20water%20from%20the%20Amundsen%20Basin%20to%20the%20Makarov%20Basin%20in%20this%20area%20is%20not%20confirmed.%20On%20the%20contrary%2C%20evidence%20of%20a%20deep-water%20flow%20from%20the%20Makarov%20to%20the%20Amundsen%20Basin%20was%20observed%2C%20indicating%20the%20existence%20of%20a%20new%20pathway%20for%20Canadian%20Basin%20Deep%20Water%20toward%20the%20Atlantic%20Ocean.%20Sediment%20data%20show%20extensive%20current%20activity%20along%20the%20ridge%20crest%20and%20along%20the%20rim%20of%20a%20local%20Intra%20Basin%20within%20the%20ridge%20structure.%28c%29%202007%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr.2007.05.010%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0637%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QG9574A6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Woodgate%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222007-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWoodgate%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20Aagaard%2C%20K.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Smethie%2C%20W.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Falkner%2C%20K.%20K.%20%282007%29.%20Atlantic%20water%20circulation%20over%20the%20Mendeleev%20Ridge%20and%20Chukchi%20Borderland%20from%20thermohaline%20intrusions%20and%20water%20mass%20properties.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E112%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28C2%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2005jc003416%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2005jc003416%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Atlantic%20water%20circulation%20over%20the%20Mendeleev%20Ridge%20and%20Chukchi%20Borderland%20from%20thermohaline%20intrusions%20and%20water%20mass%20properties%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woodgate%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aagaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smethie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Falkner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%5B%201%5D%20Hydrographic%20and%20tracer%20data%20from%202002%20illustrate%20Atlantic%20water%20pathways%20and%20variability%20in%20the%20Mendeleev%20Ridge%20and%20Chukchi%20Borderland%20%28CBLMR%29%20region%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20Thermohaline%20double%20diffusive%20intrusions%20%28zigzags%29%20dominate%20both%20the%20Fram%20Strait%20%28FSBW%29%20and%20Barents%20Sea%20Branch%20Waters%20%28BSBW%29%20in%20the%20region.%20We%20show%20that%20details%20of%20the%20zigzags%27%20temperature-salinity%20structure%20partially%20describe%20the%20water%20masses%20forming%20the%20intrusions.%20Furthermore%2C%20as%20confirmed%20by%20chemical%20tracers%2C%20the%20zigzags%27%20peaks%20contain%20the%20least%20altered%20water%2C%20allowing%20assessment%20of%20the%20temporal%20history%20of%20the%20Atlantic%20waters.%20Whilst%20the%20FSBW%20shows%20the%201990s%20warming%20and%20then%20a%20slight%20cooling%2C%20the%20BSBW%20has%20continuously%20cooled%20and%20freshened%20over%20a%20similar%20time%20period.%20The%20newest%20boundary%20current%20waters%20are%20found%20west%20of%20the%20Mendeleev%20Ridge%20in%202002.%20Additionally%2C%20we%20show%20the%20zigzag%20structures%20can%20fingerprint%20various%20water%20masses%2C%20including%20the%20boundary%20current.%20Using%20this%2C%20tracer%20data%20and%20the%20advection%20of%20the%201990s%20warming%2C%20we%20conclude%20the%20strongly%20topographically%20steered%20boundary%20current%2C%20order%2050%20km%20wide%20and%20found%20between%20the%201500%20m%20and%202500%20m%20isobaths%2C%20crosses%20the%20Mendeleev%20Ridge%20north%20of%2080%20degrees%20N%2C%20loops%20south%20around%20the%20Chukchi%20Abyssal%20Plain%20and%20north%20around%20the%20Chukchi%20Rise%2C%20with%20the%201990s%20warming%20having%20reached%20the%20northern%20%28%20but%20not%20the%20southern%29%20Northwind%20Ridge%20by%202002.%20Pacific%20waters%20influence%20the%20Atlantic%20layers%20near%20the%20shelf%20and%20over%20the%20Chukchi%20Rise.%20The%20Northwind%20Abyssal%20Plain%20is%20comparatively%20stagnant%2C%20being%20ventilated%20only%20slowly%20from%20the%20north.%20There%20is%20no%20evidence%20of%20significant%20boundary%20current%20flow%20through%20the%20Chukchi%20Gap.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202007%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2005jc003416%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-0227%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FPF4RR6I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Woodgate%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWoodgate%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20Aagaard%2C%20K.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Falkner%2C%20K.%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Smethie%2C%20W.%20M.%20%282005%29.%20Pacific%20ventilation%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%26%23x2019%3Bs%20lower%20halocline%20by%20upwelling%20and%20diapycnal%20mixing%20over%20the%20continental%20margin.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E32%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2818%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2005gl023999%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2005gl023999%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Pacific%20ventilation%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%27s%20lower%20halocline%20by%20upwelling%20and%20diapycnal%20mixing%20over%20the%20continental%20margin%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woodgate%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aagaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Falkner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smethie%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Pacific%20winter%20waters%2C%20a%20major%20source%20of%20nutrients%20and%20buoyancy%20to%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%2C%20are%20thought%20to%20ventilate%20the%20Arctic%27s%20lower%20halocline%20either%20by%20injection%20%28isopycnal%20or%20penetrative%29%20of%20cold%20saline%20shelf%20waters%2C%20or%20by%20cooling%20and%20freshening%20Atlantic%20waters%20upwelled%20onto%20the%20shelf.%20Although%20ventilation%20at%20salinity%20%28%20S%29%20%3E%2034%20psu%20has%20previously%20been%20attributed%20to%20hypersaline%20polynya%20waters%2C%20temperature%2C%20salinity%2C%20nutrient%20and%20tracer%20data%20suggest%20instead%20that%20much%20of%20the%20western%20Arctic%27s%20lower%20halocline%20is%20in%20fact%20influenced%20by%20a%20diapycnal%20mixing%20of%20Pacific%20winter%20waters%20%28%20with%20S%20similar%20to%2033.1%20psu%29%20and%20denser%20eastern%20Arctic%20halocline%20%28%20Atlantic%29%20waters%2C%20the%20mixing%20taking%20place%20possibly%20over%20the%20northern%20Chukchi%20shelf%5C%2Fslope.%20Estimates%20from%20observational%20data%20confirm%20that%20sufficient%20quantities%20of%20Atlantic%20water%20may%20be%20upwelled%20to%20mix%20with%20the%20inflowing%20Pacific%20waters%2C%20with%20volumes%20implying%20the%20halocline%20over%20the%20Chukchi%20Borderland%20region%20may%20be%20renewed%20on%20timescales%20of%20order%20a%20year.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Sep%202005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2005gl023999%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228QZEK3H6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Falkner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFalkner%2C%20K.%20K.%2C%20Steele%2C%20M.%2C%20Woodgate%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Aagaard%2C%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Morison%2C%20J.%20%282005%29.%20Dissolved%20oxygen%20extrema%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20halocline%20from%20the%20North%20Pole%20to%20the%20Lincoln%20Sea.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20I-Oceanographic%20Research%20Papers%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E52%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29%2C%201138%26%23x2013%3B1154.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr.2005.01.007%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr.2005.01.007%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Dissolved%20oxygen%20extrema%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20halocline%20from%20the%20North%20Pole%20to%20the%20Lincoln%20Sea%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Falkner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Steele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Woodgate%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aagaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morison%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Dissolved%20oxygen%20%2802%29%20profiling%20by%20new%20generation%20sensors%20was%20conducted%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20via%20aircraft%20during%20May%202003%20as%20part%20of%20the%20North%20Pole%20Environmental%20Observatory%20%28NPEO%29%20and%20Freshwater%20Switchyard%20%28SWYD%29%20projects.%20At%20stations%20extending%20from%20the%20North%20Pole%20to%20the%20shelf%20off%20Ellesmere%20Island%2C%20such%20profiles%20display%20what%20appear%20to%20be%20various%2002%20maxima%20%28with%20concentrations%2070%25%20of%20saturation%20or%20less%29%20over%20depths%20of%2070-110%20m%20in%20the%20halocline%2C%20corresponding%20to%20salinity%20and%20temperature%20ranges%20of%2033.3-33.9%20and%20-1.7%20to%20-1.5%20degrees%20C.%20The%20features%20appear%20to%20be%20widely%20distributed%3A%20Similar%20features%20based%20on%20bottle%20data%20were%20recently%20reported%20for%20a%20subset%20of%20the%201997-1998%20SHEBA%20stations%20in%20the%20southern%20Canada%20Basin%20and%20in%20recent%20Beaufort%20Sea%20sensor%20profiles.%20Oxygen%20sensor%20data%20from%20August%202002%20Chukchi%20Borderlands%20%28CBC%29%20and%201994%20Arctic%20Ocean%20Section%20%28AOS%29%20projects%20suggest%20that%20such%20features%20arise%20from%20interleaving%20of%20shelf-derived%2C%20O%282%29-depleted%20waters.%20This%20generates%20apparent%20oxygen%20maxima%20in%20Arctic%20Basin%20profiles%20that%20would%20otherwise%20trend%20more%20smoothly%20from%20near-saturation%20at%20the%20surface%20to%20lower%20concentrations%20at%20depth.%20For%20example%2C%20in%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%2C%20relatively%20low%20O%282%29%20concentrations%20are%20observed%20at%20salinities%20of%20about%2034.2%20and%2034.7.%20The%20less%20saline%20variant%20is%20identified%20as%20part%20of%20the%20lower%20halocline%2C%20a%20layer%20originally%20identified%20by%20a%20Eurasian%20Basin%20minimum%20in%20%5C%22NO%2C%5C%22%20which%2C%20in%20the%20Canadian%20Basin%2C%20is%20reinforced%20by%20additional%20inputs.%20The%20more%20saline%20and%20thus%20denser%20variant%20appears%20to%20arise%20from%20transformations%20of%20Atlantic%20source%20waters%20over%20the%20Barents%20and%5C%2For%20Kara%20shelves.%20Additional%20low-oxygen%20waters%20are%20generated%20in%20the%20vicinity%20of%20the%20Chukchi%20Borderlands%2C%20from%20Pacific%20shelf%20water%20outflows%20that%20interleave%20with%20Eurasian%20waters%20that%20flow%20over%20the%20Lomonosov%20Ridge%20into%20the%20Makarov%20Basin%20and%20then%20into%20the%20Canada%20Basin.%20One%20such%20input%20is%20associated%20with%20the%20well-known%20silicate%20maximum%20that%20historically%20has%20been%20associated%20with%20a%20salinity%20of%20approximate%20to%2033.1.%20Above%20that%20%2832%20%3C%20S%20%3C%2033%29%2C%20there%20is%20a%20layer%20moderately%20elevated%20in%20temperature%20%28summer%20Bering%20Sea%20water%29%20that%20we%20show%20is%20also%20O%282%29-depleted.%20We%20propose%20that%20these%20low%20O%282%29%20waters%20influence%20the%20NPEO%20and%20SWYD%20profiles%20to%20varying%20extents%20in%20a%20manner%20reflective%20of%20the%20large-scale%20circulation.%20The%20patterns%20of%20halocline%20circulation%20we%20infer%20from%20the%20intrusive%20features%20defy%20a%20simple%20boundary-following%20cyclonic%20flow.%20These%20results%20demonstrate%20the%20value%20of%20the%20improved%20resolution%20made%20feasible%20with%20continuous%20O%282%29%20Profiling.%20In%20the%20drive%20to%20better%20understand%20variability%20and%20change%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%2C%20deployment%20of%20appropriately%20calibrated%20CTD-O%282%29%20packages%20offers%20the%20promise%20of%20important%20new%20insights%20into%20circulation%20and%20ecosystem%20function.%20%28c%29%202005%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jul%202005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr.2005.01.007%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0637%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UTL3G7QL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Swift%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Aagaard%2C%20K.%2C%20Timokhov%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Nikiforov%2C%20E.%20G.%20%282005%29.%20Long-term%20variability%20of%20Arctic%20Ocean%20waters%3A%20Evidence%20from%20a%20reanalysis%20of%20the%20EWG%20data%20set.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E110%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28C3%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2004jc002312%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2004jc002312%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Long-term%20variability%20of%20Arctic%20Ocean%20waters%3A%20Evidence%20from%20a%20reanalysis%20of%20the%20EWG%20data%20set%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aagaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Timokhov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nikiforov%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20have%20examined%20interannual%20to%20decadal%20variability%20of%20water%20properties%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20using%20an%20enhanced%20version%20of%20the%201948-1993%20data%20released%20earlier%20under%20the%20Gore-Chernomyrdin%20environmental%20bilateral%20agreement.%20That%20earlier%20data%20set%20utilized%20gridded%20fields%20with%20decadal%20time%20resolution%2C%20whereas%20we%20have%20developed%20a%20data%20set%20with%20annual%20resolution.%20We%20find%20that%20beginning%20about%201976%2C%20most%20of%20the%20upper%20Arctic%20Ocean%20became%20significantly%20saltier%2C%20possibly%20related%20to%20thinning%20of%20the%20arctic%20ice%20cover.%20There%20are%20also%20indications%20that%20a%20more%20local%20upper%20ocean%20salinity%20increase%20in%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%20about%201989%20may%20not%20have%20originated%20on%20the%20shelf%2C%20as%20had%20been%20suggested%20earlier.%20In%20addition%20to%20the%20now%20well-established%20warming%20of%20the%20Atlantic%20layer%20during%20the%20early%201990s%2C%20there%20was%20a%20similar%20cyclonically%20propagating%20warm%20event%20during%20the%201950s.%20More%20remarkable%2C%20however%2C%20was%20a%20pervasive%20Atlantic%20layer%20warming%20throughout%20most%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20from%201964-1969%2C%20possibly%20related%20to%20reduced%20vertical%20heat%20loss%20associated%20with%20increased%20upper%20ocean%20stratification.%20A%20cold%20period%20prevailed%20during%20most%20of%20the%201970s%20and%201980s%2C%20with%20several%20very%20cold%20events%20appearing%20to%20originate%20near%20the%20Kara%20and%20Laptev%20shelves.%20Finally%2C%20we%20find%20that%20the%20silicate%20maximum%20in%20the%20central%20Arctic%20Ocean%20halocline%20eroded%20abruptly%20in%20the%20mid-1980s%2C%20demonstrating%20that%20the%20redistribution%20of%20Pacific%20waters%20and%20the%20warming%20of%20the%20Atlantic%20layer%20reported%20from%20other%20observations%20during%20the%201990s%20were%20distinct%20events%20separated%20in%20time%20by%20perhaps%205%20years.%20We%20have%20made%20the%20entire%20data%20set%20publicly%20available.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%202005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2004jc002312%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-0227%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229KQA86SL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Codispoti%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECodispoti%2C%20L.%20A.%2C%20Flagg%2C%20C.%2C%20Kelly%2C%20V.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282005%29.%20Hydrographic%20conditions%20during%20the%202002%20SBI%20process%20experiments.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20Ii-Topical%20Studies%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E52%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2824%26%23x2013%3B26%29%2C%203199%26%23x2013%3B3226.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2005.10.007%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2005.10.007%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Hydrographic%20conditions%20during%20the%202002%20SBI%20process%20experiments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Codispoti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Flagg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kelly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20review%20of%20the%20hydrographic%20data%20from%20the%202002%20Western%20Arctic%20Shelf-Basin%20Interactions%20%28SBI%29%20Process%20Cruises%20permits%20the%20following%20conclusions.%20%281%29%20Temperature-salinity%20relationships%20were%20similar%20to%20canonical%20descriptions%2C%20but%20at%20five%20stations%20in%20the%20outer%20shelf%5C%2Fslope%20region%2C%20warm%5C%2Fhigh-salinity%20Atlantic%20Layer%20Water%20appeared%20to%20have%20risen%2C%20displaced%20the%20lower%20halocline%2C%20and%20mixed%20with%20shelf%5C%2Fupper%20halocline%20water.%20%282%29%20Primary%20production%20in%20the%20SBI%20study%20region%20was%20strongly%20influenced%20by%20the%20advection%20of%20dissolved%20inorganic%20nitrogen%20%28DIN%29%20entering%20via%20Bering%20Strait.%20This%20import%20of%20DIN%20%28ammonium%20%2B%20nitrate%20%2B%20nitrite%29%20is%20modified%20by%20local%20processes%2C%20but%20without%20the%20Bering%20Strait%20inflow%2C%20biological%20productivity%20in%20the%20SBI%20region%20would%20be%20much%20lower.%20%283%29%20In%20comparison%20to%20the%20inflowing%20Atlantic%20waters%2C%20DIN%2B%20urea%5C%2Fphosphate%20and%20DIN%20%2B%20urea%5C%2Fsilicate%20ratios%20in%20the%20Pacific%20waters%20that%20dominated%20the%20upper%20similar%20to%20150%20m%20of%20the%20water%20column%20were%20low.%20They%20were%20also%20low%20relative%20to%20Redfield%20uptake%20ratios%20for%20phytoplankton.%20%284%29%20Microbial%20processes%20continue%20to%20destroy%20DIN%20in%20significant%20quantities%20as%20the%20Pacific%20waters%20transit%20the%20SBI%20region.%20%285%29%20Nitrate%20and%20ammonium%20were%20the%20principal%20contributors%20to%20DIN.%20Nitrite%20concentrations%20were%20always%20%3C%200.4%20mu%20M.%20With%20a%20few%20exceptions%20urea%20concentrations%20were%20%3C%200.5%20mu%20M.%20%286%29%20Moderate%20concentrations%20of%20DIN%20occurred%20in%20surface%20layers%20over%20the%20shelf%20in%20spring%2C%20but%20surface%20concentrations%20in%20the%20adjacent%20basin%20were%20low%2C%20suggesting%20that%20basin%20productivity%20is%20low.%20%287%29%20In%20summer%2C%20DIN%20depletion%20in%20the%20surface%20layers%20was%20widespread%2C%20but%20a%20nutricline%20below%20similar%20to%2015m%20contained%20chlorophyll%20and%20dissolved%20oxygen%20maxima.%20production%20in%20this%20layer.%20%288%29%20A%20comparison%20of%20nutrient%20and%20dissolved%20oxygen%20concentrations%20in%20Suggesting%20net%20primary%20abyssal%20waters%20of%20the%20Canada%20Basin%20with%20conditions%20in%20Fram%20Strait%20suggests%20that%20the%20deep%20metabolism%20in%20the%20SBI%20region%20is%20exceedingly%20low%20compared%20to%20typical%20deep-ocean%20values.%20%289%29%20The%20low%20abyssal%20metabolism%20and%20phosphate-silicate%20relationships%20suggest%20that%20the%20maxima%20in%20biogenic%20solutes%20%28ammonium%2C%20silicate%2C%20etc.%29%20that%20appear%20to%20originate%20on%20the%20shelf%20and%20penetrate%20the%20interior%20at%20halocline%20depths%20are%20not%20accompanied%20by%20comparable%20concentrations%20of%20labile%20organic%20matter.%20Thus.%20the%20moderate%20to%20high%20primary%20production%20over%20the%20shelf%20and%20slope%20supported%20by%20the%20import%20of%20DIN%20from%20Bering%20Strait%20is%20largelv%20regenerated%20over%20the%20shelf.%20%2810%29%20Our%20easternmost%20section%20%28east%20of%20Pt.%20Barrow%29%20displayed%20nutrient%20maxima%20at%20depths%20of%20similar%20to%20100m%20as%20did%20our%20three%20sections%20to%20the%20west%2C%20but%20in%20this%20section%20these%20signals%20were%20not%20connected%20to%20the%20shelf%2C%20and%20were%20most%20likely%20advected%20by%20an%20eastward%20shelf-break%20jet.%20%28c%29%202005%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr2.2005.10.007%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0645%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22V4UZPEB9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Anderson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222004-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAnderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Falck%2C%20E.%2C%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Jutterstrom%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282004%29.%20Enhanced%20uptake%20of%20atmospheric%20CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20during%20freezing%20of%20seawater%3A%20A%20field%20study%20in%20Storfjorden%2C%20Svalbard.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E109%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28C6%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2003jc002120%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2003jc002120%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Enhanced%20uptake%20of%20atmospheric%20CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%5C%2Fsub%3E%20during%20freezing%20of%20seawater%3A%20A%20field%20study%20in%20Storfjorden%2C%20Svalbard%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Falck%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jutterstrom%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20waters%20of%20Storfjorden%2C%20a%20fjord%20in%20southern%20Svalbard%2C%20were%20investigated%20in%20late%20April%202002.%20The%20temperature%20was%20at%20the%20freezing%20point%20throughout%20the%20water%20column%3B%20the%20salinity%20in%20the%20top%2030%20m%20was%20just%20above%2034.8%2C%20then%20increased%20nearly%20linearly%20to%20about%2035.8%20at%20the%20bottom.%20Nutrient%20and%20oxygen%20concentrations%20showed%20a%20minimal%20trend%20all%20through%20the%20water%20column%2C%20indicating%20minimal%20decay%20of%20organic%20matter.%20Normalized%20dissolved%20inorganic%20carbon%2C%20fCO%282%29%2C%20and%20CFCs%20increase%20with%20depth%20below%20the%20surface%20mixed%20layer%2C%20while%20pH%20decreases.%20In%20waters%20below%2050%20m%2C%20there%20was%20an%20increase%20in%20dissolved%20inorganic%20carbon%2C%20corrected%20for%20decay%20of%20organic%20matter%20using%20the%20phosphate%20profile%2C%20corresponding%20to%20about%209%20g%20C%20m%28-2%29%20relative%20to%20the%20surface%20water%20concentration.%20We%20suggest%20this%20excess%20is%20a%20result%20of%20enhanced%20air-sea%20exchange%20of%20CO%282%29%20caused%20by%20sea%20ice%20formation.%20This%20enhancement%20is%20suggested%20to%20be%20a%20result%20of%20an%20efficient%20exchange%20through%20the%20surface%20film%20during%20the%20ice%20crystal%20formation%20and%20the%20rapid%20transport%20of%20the%20high%20salinity%20brine%20out%20of%20the%20surface%20layer.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%202004%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2003jc002120%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-0227%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2288QK36U3%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22McLaughlin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222004-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMcLaughlin%2C%20F.%20A.%2C%20Carmack%2C%20E.%20C.%2C%20Macdonald%2C%20R.%20W.%2C%20Melling%2C%20H.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Wheeler%2C%20P.%20A.%2C%20Sherr%2C%20B.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Sherr%2C%20E.%20B.%20%282004%29.%20The%20joint%20roles%20of%20Pacific%20and%20Atlantic-origin%20waters%20in%20the%20Canada%20Basin%2C%201997-1998.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20I-Oceanographic%20Research%20Papers%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E51%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20107%26%23x2013%3B128.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr.2003.09.010%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr.2003.09.010%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20joint%20roles%20of%20Pacific%20and%20Atlantic-origin%20waters%20in%20the%20Canada%20Basin%2C%201997-1998%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLaughlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carmack%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Macdonald%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wheeler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sherr%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sherr%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Physical%20and%20geochemical%20data%20collected%20weekly%20during%20the%20year-long%202800%20km%20drift%20of%20the%20CCGS%20des%20Groseilliers%20show%20that%20Canada%20Basin%20waters%2C%20and%20in%20particular%20the%20composition%20of%20the%20halocline%2C%20can%20no%20longer%20be%20viewed%20as%20laterally%20homogeneous%20and%20in%20steady%20state.%20The%20halocline%20was%20thinner%20over%20the%20Mendeleyev%20Abyssal%20Plain%20and%20northern%20Chukchi%20Plateau.%20Here%2C%20Pacific-origin%20upper%20and%20middle%20halocline%20waters%20occupied%20the%20upper%2080m%20of%20the%20water%20column%20and%20underlying%20Atlantic-origin%20lower%20halocline%20waters%20were%20fresher%2C%20colder%20and%20much%20more%20ventilated%20than%20observed%20in%20the%20past.%20These%20new%20observations%20of%20a%20sub-surface%20oxygen%20maximum%20suggest%20that%20outflow%20from%20the%20East%20Siberian%20Sea%20now%20supplies%20the%20Canada%20Basin%20lower%20halocline.%20East%20of%20the%20Northwind%20Ridge%20the%20halocline%20was%20thicker%20and%20appeared%20relatively%20unchanged.%20Here%20Pacific-origin%20upper%20and%20middle%20halocline%20waters%20occupied%20the%20top%20225%20m%20and%20Atlantic-origin%20lower%20halocline%20waters%20were%20identified%20by%20an%20oxygen%20minimum.%20The%20intensity%20of%20the%20Pacific-origin%20signal%2C%20characterized%20by%20a%20nutrient%20maximum%2C%20was%20strongest%20over%20the%20Chukchi%20Gap-the%20passage%20between%20the%20Chukchi%20Shelf%20and%20Plateau-and%20the%20Northwind%20Abyssal%20Plain%20and%20identified%20two%20winter-water%20spreading%20pathways.%20Atlantic-origin%20waters%20as%20much%20as%200.5degreesC%20warmer%20than%20the%20historical%20record%20were%20observed%20over%20the%20Chukchi%20Gap%20and%20also%20over%20the%20northern%20flank%20of%20the%20Chukchi%20Plateau.%20These%20observations%20signaled%20that%20warm-anomaly%20Fram%20Strait%20Branch%20%28FSB%29%20waters%2C%20first%20observed%20upstream%20in%20the%20Nansen%20Basin%20in%201990%2C%20had%20arrived%20downstream%20in%20the%20Canada%20Basin%20eight%20years%20later%20and%20also%20indicate%20two%20routes%20whereby%20FSB%20waters%20enter%20the%20southern%20Canada%20Basin.%20Although%20samples%20were%20collected%20throughout%20one%20annual%20cycle%2C%20seasonal%20effects%20were%20small%20and%20confined%20to%20the%20upper%2050%20m%20of%20the%20water%20column.%20These%20data%20show%20Canada%20Basin%20waters%20are%20in%20transition%2C%20responding%20to%20the%20effects%20of%20upstream%20change%20in%20atmospheric%20and%20oceanic%20circulation.%20Crown%20Copyright%20%28C%29%202003%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jan%202004%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fj.dsr.2003.09.010%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0637%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WL8AT7PT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Anderson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAnderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282003%29.%20Export%20production%20in%20the%20central%20Arctic%20Ocean%20evaluated%20from%20phosphate%20deficits.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E108%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28C6%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2001jc001057%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2001jc001057%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Export%20production%20in%20the%20central%20Arctic%20Ocean%20evaluated%20from%20phosphate%20deficits%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%5B1%5D%20Primary%20productivity%20in%20the%20central%20Arctic%20Ocean%20has%20recently%20been%20reported%20as%20being%20much%20higher%20than%20earlier%20thought.%20If%20a%20significant%20fraction%20of%20this%20primary%20production%20were%20exported%20from%20the%20immediate%20surface%20region%2C%20present%20estimates%20of%20the%20carbon%20budget%20for%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20would%20have%20to%20be%20reassessed.%20Using%20the%20deficit%20of%20phosphate%20in%20the%20central%20Arctic%20Ocean%2C%20we%20show%20that%20the%20export%20production%20is%20very%20low%2C%20on%20an%20average%20less%20than%200.5%20gC%20m%28-2%29%20yr%28-1%29.%20This%20is%20at%20least%20an%20order%20of%20magnitude%20lower%20than%20the%20total%20production%20as%20measured%20or%20estimated%20from%20oxygen%20data%2C%20thus%20indicating%20extensive%20recycling%20of%20nutrients%20in%20the%20upper%20waters%20of%20the%20central%20Arctic%20Ocean%20and%20very%20little%20export%20production.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Jun%202003%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2001jc001057%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-0227%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2299BIHNLZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jones%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222003-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Lipizer%2C%20M.%2C%20Civitarese%2C%20G.%2C%20Falkner%2C%20K.%20K.%2C%20Kattner%2C%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20McLaughlin%2C%20F.%20%282003%29.%20Tracing%20Pacific%20water%20in%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E108%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28C4%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2001jc001141%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2001jc001141%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Tracing%20Pacific%20water%20in%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lipizer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Civitarese%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Falkner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kattner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLaughlin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%5B1%5D%20In%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%2C%20Pacific%20source%20water%20can%20be%20distinguished%20from%20Atlantic%20source%20water%20by%20nitrate-phosphate%20concentration%20relationships%2C%20with%20Pacific%20water%20having%20higher%20phosphate%20concentrations%20relative%20to%20those%20of%20nitrate.%20Furthermore%2C%20Pacific%20water%2C%20originally%20from%20the%20inflow%20through%20Bering%20Strait%2C%20is%20clearly%20recognizable%20in%20the%20outflows%20of%20low-salinity%20waters%20from%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20to%20the%20northern%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean%20through%20the%20Canadian%20Arctic%20Archipelago%20and%20through%20Fram%20Strait.%20In%20the%20Canadian%20Arctic%20Archipelago%2C%20we%20observe%20that%20almost%20all%20of%20the%20waters%20flowing%20through%20Lancaster%20and%20Jones%20sounds%2C%20most%20of%20the%20water%20in%20the%20top%20100%20m%20in%20Smith%20Sound%20%28containing%20the%20flow%20through%20Nares%20Strait%29%2C%20and%20possibly%20all%20waters%20in%20Hudson%20Bay%20contain%20no%20water%20of%20Atlantic%20origin.%20Significant%20amounts%20of%20Pacific%20water%20are%20also%20observed%20along%20the%20western%20coast%20of%20Baffin%20Bay%2C%20along%20the%20coast%20of%20Labrador%2C%20and%20above%20the%20200-m%20isobath%20of%20the%20Grand%20Banks.%20There%20is%20a%20clear%20signal%20of%20Pacific%20water%20flowing%20south%20through%20Fram%20Strait%20and%20along%20the%20east%20coast%20of%20Greenland%20extending%20at%20least%20as%20far%20south%20as%20Denmark%20Strait.%20Pacific%20water%20signature%20can%20be%20seen%20near%20the%20east%20coast%20of%20Greenland%20at%2066degreesN%2C%20but%20not%20in%20data%20at%2060degreesN.%20Temporal%20variability%20in%20the%20concentrations%20of%20Pacific%20water%20has%20been%20observed%20at%20several%20locations%20where%20multiple-year%20observations%20are%20available.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Apr%202003%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2001jc001141%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-0227%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22DSUQK87B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schauer%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222002-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchauer%2C%20U.%2C%20Rudels%2C%20B.%2C%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Muench%2C%20R.%20D.%2C%20Bjork%2C%20G.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Ivanov%2C%20V.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Larsson%2C%20A.%20M.%20%282002%29.%20Confluence%20and%20redistribution%20of%20Atlantic%20water%20in%20the%20Nansen%2C%20Amundsen%20and%20Makarov%20basins.%20%3Ci%3EAnnales%20Geophysicae%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E20%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20257%26%23x2013%3B273.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Fangeo-20-257-2002%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Fangeo-20-257-2002%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Confluence%20and%20redistribution%20of%20Atlantic%20water%20in%20the%20Nansen%2C%20Amundsen%20and%20Makarov%20basins%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22U.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schauer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rudels%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muench%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bjork%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ivanov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Larsson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20waters%20in%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%20are%20conditioned%20by%20the%20confluence%20of%20the%20boundary%20flow%20of%20warm%2C%20saline%20Fram%20Strait%20water%20and%20cold%20low%20salinity%20water%20from%20the%20Barents%20Sea%20entering%20through%20the%20St.%20Anna%20Trough.%20Hydrographic%20sections%20obtained%20from%20RV%20Polarstern%20during%20the%20summer%20of%201996%20%28ACSYS%2096%29%20across%20the%20St.%20Anna%20Trough%20and%20the%20Voronin%20Trough%20in%20the%20northern%20Kara%20Sea%20and%20across%20the%20Nansen%2C%20Amundsen%20and%20Makarov%20basins%20allow%20for%20the%20determination%20of%20the%20water%20mass%20properties%20of%20the%20two%20components%20and%20the%20construction%20of%20a%20qualitative%20picture%20of%20the%20circulation%20both%20within%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%20and%20towards%20the%20Canadian%20Basin.%20At%20the%20confluence%20north%20of%20the%20Kara%20Sea%2C%20the%20Fram%20Strait%20branch%20is%20displaced%20from%20the%20upper%20to%20the%20lower%20slope%20and%20it%20forms%20a%20sharp%20front%20to%20the%20Barents%20Sea%20water%20at%20depths%20between%20100m%20and%20greater%20than%201000m.%20This%20front%20disintegrates%20downstream%20along%20the%20basin%20margin%20and%20the%20two%20components%20are%20largely%20mixed%20before%20the%20boundary%20current%20reaches%20the%20Lomonosov%20Ridge.%20Away%20from%20the%20continental%20slope%2C%20the%20presence%20of%20interleaving%20structures%20coherent%20over%20wide%20distances%20is%20consistent%20with%20low%20lateral%20shear.%20The%20return%20flow%20along%20the%20Nansen%20Gakkel%20Ridge%2C%20if%20present%20at%20all%2C%20seems%20to%20be%20slow%20and%20the%20cold%20water%20below%20a%20deep%20mixed%20layer%20there%20indicates%20that%20the%20Fram%20Strait%20Atlantic%20water%20was%20not%20covered%20with%20a%20halocline%20for%20about%20a%20decade.%20Anomalous%20water%20mass%20properties%20in%20the%20interior%20of%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%20can%20be%20attributed%20to%20isolated%20lenses%20rather%20than%20to%20baroclinic%20flow%20cores.%20Eddies%20have%20probably%20detached%20from%20the%20front%20at%20the%20confluence%20and%20migrated%20into%20the%20interior%20of%20the%20basin.%20One%20deep%20%282500m%29%20lens%20of%20Canadian%20Basin%20water%2C%20with%20an%20anticyclonic%20eddy%20signature%2C%20must%20have%20spilled%20through%20a%20gap%20of%20the%20Lomonosov%20Ridge.%20During%20ACSYS%2096%2C%20no%20clear%20fronts%20between%20Eurasian%20and%20Canadian%20intermediate%20waters%2C%20such%20as%20those%20observed%20further%20north%20in%201991%20and%201994%2C%20were%20found%20at%20the%20Siberian%20side%20of%20the%20Lomonosov%20Ridge.%20This%20indicates%20that%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%20waters%20enter%20the%20Canadian%20Basin%20not%20only%20along%20the%20continental%20slope%20but%20they%20may%20also%20cross%20the%20Lomonosov%20Ridge%20at%20other%20topographic%20irregularities.%20A%20decrease%20in%20salinity%20around%201000%20m%20in%20depth%20in%20the%20Amundsen%20Basin%20probably%20originates%20from%20a%20larger%20input%20of%20fresh%20water%20to%20the%20Barents%20Sea.%20The%20inherent%20density%20changes%20may%20affect%20the%20flow%20towards%20the%20Canadian%20Basin.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202002%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Fangeo-20-257-2002%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220992-7689%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22F7DJGCE7%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ekwurzel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EEkwurzel%2C%20B.%2C%20Schlosser%2C%20P.%2C%20Mortlock%2C%20R.%20A.%2C%20Fairbanks%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282001%29.%20River%20runoff%2C%20sea%20ice%20meltwater%2C%20and%20Pacific%20water%20distribution%20and%20mean%20residence%20times%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E106%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28C5%29%2C%209075%26%23x2013%3B9092.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F1999jc000024%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F1999jc000024%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22River%20runoff%2C%20sea%20ice%20meltwater%2C%20and%20Pacific%20water%20distribution%20and%20mean%20residence%20times%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ekwurzel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlosser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mortlock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fairbanks%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Hydrographic%20and%20tracer%20data%20collected%20during%20ARK%20IV%5C%2F3%20%28FS%20Polarstern%20in%201987%29%2C%20ARCTIC91%20%28IB%20Oden%29%2C%20and%20AOS94%20%28CCGS%20Louis%20S.%20St-Laurent%29%20expeditions%20reveal%20the%20evolution%20of%20the%20near-surface%20waters%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20during%20the%20late%201980s%20and%20early%201990s.%20Salinity%2C%20nutrients%2C%20dissolved%20oxygen%2C%20and%20delta%20%2818%29O%20data%20are%20used%20to%20quantify%20the%20components%20of%20Arctic%20freshwater%3A%20river%20runoff%2C%20sea%20ice%20meltwater%2C%20and%20Pacific%20water.%20The%20calculated%20river%20runoff%20fractions%20suggest%20that%20in%201994%20a%20large%20portion%20of%20water%20from%20the%20Pechora%2C%20Oh%2C%20Yenisey%2C%20Kotuy%2C%20and%20Lena%20Rivers%20did%20not%20flow%20off%20the%20shelf%20closest%20to%20their%20river%20deltas%2C%20but%20remained%20on%20the%20shelf%20and%20traveled%20via%20cyclonic%20circulation%20into%20the%20Laptev%20and%20East%20Siberian%20Seas.%20River%20runoff%20flowed%20off%20the%20shelf%20at%20the%20Lomonosov%20Ridge%20and%20most%20left%20the%20shelf%20at%20the%20Mendeleyev%20Ridge.%20ARCTIC91%20and%20AOS94%20Pacific%20water%20fraction%20estimates%20of%20Upper%20Halocline%20Water%2C%20the%20traditionally%20defined%20core%20of%20the%20Pacific%20water%20mass%2C%20document%20a%20decrease%20in%20extent%20compared%20to%20historical%20data.%20The%20front%20between%20Atlantic%20water%20and%20Pacific%20water%20shifted%20from%20the%20Lomonosov%20Ridge%20location%20in%201991%20to%20the%20Mendeleyev%20Ridge%20in%201994.%20The%20relative%20age%20structure%20of%20the%20upper%20waters%20is%20described%20by%20using%20the%20%283%29H-%283%29He%20age.%20The%20mean%20%283%29H-%283%29He%20age%20measured%20in%20the%20halocline%20within%20the%20salinity%20surface%20of%2033.1%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.3%20is%204.3%20%2B%5C%2F-%201.7%20years%20and%20that%20for%20the%2034.2%20%2B%5C%2F-%200.2%20salinity%20surface%20is%209.6%20%2B%5C%2F-%204.6%20years.%20Lateral%20variations%20in%20the%20relative%20age%20structure%20within%20the%20halocline%20and%20Atlantic%20water%20support%20the%20well-known%20cyclonic%20boundary%20current%20circulation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%202001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F1999jc000024%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-0227%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZGVQLGDK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fransson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFransson%2C%20A.%2C%20Chierici%2C%20M.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20L.%20C.%2C%20Bussmann%2C%20I.%2C%20Kattner%2C%20G.%2C%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282001%29.%20The%20importance%20of%20shelf%20processes%20for%20the%20modification%20of%20chemical%20constituents%20in%20the%20waters%20of%20the%20Eurasian%20Arctic%20Ocean%3A%20implication%20for%20carbon%20fluxes.%20%3Ci%3EContinental%20Shelf%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E21%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20225%26%23x2013%3B242.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0278-4343%2800%2900088-1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0278-4343%2800%2900088-1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20importance%20of%20shelf%20processes%20for%20the%20modification%20of%20chemical%20constituents%20in%20the%20waters%20of%20the%20Eurasian%20Arctic%20Ocean%3A%20implication%20for%20carbon%20fluxes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fransson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chierici%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bussmann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kattner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Carbon%20transformation%20along%20the%20Eurasian%20shelves%20in%20water%20of%20Atlantic%20origin%20is%20estimated.%20Nutrient%2C%20oxygen%2C%20and%20inorganic%20and%20organic%20carbon%20data%20were%20used%20in%20the%20evaluation.%20By%20comparing%20the%20relative%20deficit%20of%20the%20different%20chemical%20constituents%20it%20is%20possible%20to%20evaluate%20the%20transformation%20of%20carbon.%20It%20can%20be%20seen%20that%20the%20chemical%20signature%20in%20the%20shelf%20seas%20was%20modified%20extensively%2C%20corresponding%20to%20an%20export%20production%20from%20the%20upper%2050%20m%20in%20the%20Barents%20Sea%20of%2028-32%20g%20C%20m%28-2%29%2C%20which%20is%20five%20times%20higher%20than%20that%20in%20the%20Kara-Laptev%20Seas%20and%20over%20the%20deep%20Eurasian%20basin.%20The%20difference%20in%20the%20export%20production%2C%20computed%20from%20the%20nutrient%20deficit%2C%20and%20the%20observed%20deficit%20of%20dissolved%20inorganic%20carbon%20is%20attributed%20air-sea%20exchange%20of%20CO2.%20With%20this%20approach%20the%20relative%20oceanic%20uptake%20of%20CO2%20from%20the%20atmosphere%20was%20estimated%20to%20be%2070%25%20%2844%20g%20C%20m%28-2%29%29%20in%20the%20Barents%20Sea%20and%2015%25%20%281%20g%20C%20m%28-2%29%29%20in%20the%20Kara-Laptev%20Seas%2C%20relative%20to%20the%20export%20production.%20Of%20the%20export%20production%20in%20the%20Barents%20Sea%2C%20about%20a%20quarter%20is%20found%20as%20DOC.%20The%20difference%20between%20the%20chemical%20signature%20at%20the%20Laptev%20Sea%20shelf%20slope%20and%20over%20the%20Lomonosov%20Ridge%20is%20negligible%2C%20which%20shows%20that%20the%20transformation%20of%20carbon%20is%20very%20small%20in%20the%20surface%20layers%20of%20the%20Eurasian%20basin.%20Combining%20the%20chemical%20transformation%20with%20reported%20volume%20transports%20gives%20an%20annual%20export%20production%20of%209.6%20x%2010%2812%29%20g%20C%20yr%28-1%29%20in%20the%20Barents%20Sea.%20The%20oceanic%20uptake%20of%20CO2%20for%20the%20same%20area%20is%209.2%20x%2010%2812%29%20g%20C%20yr%28-1%29.%20%28C%29%202001%20Elsevier%20Science%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%202001%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fs0278-4343%2800%2900088-1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220278-4343%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22EBWUKDP8%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Macdonald%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMacdonald%2C%20R.%20W.%2C%20Carmack%2C%20E.%20C.%2C%20McLaughlin%2C%20F.%20A.%2C%20Falkner%2C%20K.%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281999%29.%20Connections%20among%20ice%2C%20runoff%20and%20atmospheric%20forcing%20in%20the%20Beaufort%20Gyre.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E26%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2815%29%2C%202223%26%23x2013%3B2226.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F1999gl900508%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F1999gl900508%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Connections%20among%20ice%2C%20runoff%20and%20atmospheric%20forcing%20in%20the%20Beaufort%20Gyre%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Macdonald%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carmack%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLaughlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Falkner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22During%20SHEBA%2C%20thin%20ice%20and%20freshening%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20surface%20in%20the%20Beaufort%20Sea%20led%20to%20speculation%20that%20perennial%20sea%20ice%20was%20disappearing%20%5BMcPhee%20Ei%20al.%2C%201998%5D.%20Since%201987%2C%20we%20have%20collected%20salinity%2C%20delta%2818%29O%20and%20Ba%20profiles%20near%20the%20initial%20SHEBA%20site%20and%2C%20in%201997%2C%20we%20ran%20a%20section%20out%20to%20SHEBA.%20Resolving%20fresh%20water%20into%20runoff%20and%20ice%20melt%2C%20we%20found%20a%20large%20background%20of%20Mackenzie%20River%20water%20with%20exceptional%20amounts%20in%201997%20explaining%20much%20of%20the%20freshening%20at%20SHEBA.%20Ice%20melt%20went%20through%20a%20dramatic%204-6%20m%20jump%20in%20the%20early%201990s%20coinciding%20with%20the%20atmospheric%20pressure%20field%20and%20sea-ice%20circulation%20becoming%20more%20cyclonic.%20The%20increase%20in%20sea-ice%20melt%20appears%20to%20be%20a%20thermal%20and%20mechanical%20response%20to%20a%20circulation%20regime%20shift.%20Should%20atmospheric%20circulation%20revert%20to%20the%20more%20anticyclonic%20mode%2C%20ice%20conditions%20can%20also%20be%20expected%20to%20revert%20a%21%20though%20not%20necessarily%20to%20previous%20conditions.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Aug%201999%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F1999gl900508%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22L4GW6JBS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Swift%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281999%29.%20The%20oceanography%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3ECurrent%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E15%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%2028%26%23x2013%3B32.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20oceanography%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221999%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CRWEIST6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Jones%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221998-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EJones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Anderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281998%29.%20Distribution%20of%20Atlantic%20and%20Pacific%20waters%20in%20the%20upper%20Arctic%20Ocean%3A%20Implications%20for%20circulation.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E25%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%20765%26%23x2013%3B768.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F98gl00464%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F98gl00464%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Distribution%20of%20Atlantic%20and%20Pacific%20waters%20in%20the%20upper%20Arctic%20Ocean%3A%20Implications%20for%20circulation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Atlantic%20and%20Pacific%20oceans%20provide%20source%20waters%20for%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20that%20can%20be%20distinguished%20by%20their%20differing%20nitrate%20and%20phosphate%20concentration%20relationships.%20Using%20these%20relationships%2C%20we%20estimate%20the%20amount%20of%20Atlantic%20and%20Pacific%20waters%20in%20the%20surface%20layer%20%28top%2030%20m%29%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20Atlantic%20source%20water%20is%20dominant%20in%20most%20of%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%20and%20is%20present%20in%20significant%20amounts%20in%20the%20Makarov%20Basin%20north%20of%20the%20East%20Siberian%20Sea.%20Pacific%20source%20water%20is%20dominant%20in%20most%20of%20the%20Canadian%20Basin%20and%20is%20present%20in%20significant%20amounts%20in%20the%20Amundsen%20Basin%20north%20of%20Greenland.%20We%20deduce%20circulation%20patterns%20from%20the%20distributions%20of%20Atlantic%20and%20Pacific%20source%20waters%20in%20the%20surface%20layer%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20and%20conclude%20that%20the%20flow%20within%20the%20surface%20layer%20differs%20from%20ice%20drift%20along%20the%20North%20American%20and%20European%20boundaries%20of%20the%20Polar%20Basin.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%201998%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F98gl00464%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225TBPK5MX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Carmack%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221998%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECarmack%2C%20E.%20C.%2C%20Aagaard%2C%20K.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Perkin%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20McLAughlin%2C%20F.%20A.%2C%20Macdonald%2C%20R.%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%20%281998%29.%20Thermohaline%20transitions.%20In%20J.%20Imberger%20%28Ed.%29%2C%20%3Ci%3EPhysical%20processes%20in%20lakes%20and%20oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28pp.%20179%26%23x2013%3B186%29.%20American%20Geophysical%20Union.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Thermohaline%20transitions%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carmack%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aagaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perkin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLAughlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Macdonald%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jorg%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Imberger%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Physical%20processes%20in%20lakes%20and%20oceans%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221998%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%220-87590-268-5%20978-0-87590-268-5%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GGKPJN8E%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zheng%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EZheng%2C%20Y.%2C%20Schlosser%2C%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%20%281997%29.%20Oxygen%20utilization%20rates%20in%20the%20Nansen%20Basin%2C%20Arctic%20Ocean%3A%20implications%20for%20new%20production.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20I-Oceanographic%20Research%20Papers%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E44%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29%2C%201923%26%23x2013%3B1943.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0967-0637%2897%2900046-0%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0967-0637%2897%2900046-0%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Oxygen%20utilization%20rates%20in%20the%20Nansen%20Basin%2C%20Arctic%20Ocean%3A%20implications%20for%20new%20production%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlosser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20situ%20consumption%20of%20oxygen%20is%20balanced%20by%20ventilation%20if%20the%20observed%20distribution%20of%20dissolved%20oxygen%20below%20the%20euphotic%20zone%20is%20in%20steady%20state.%20Apparent%20oxygen%20utilization%20rates%20%28AOURs%29%20can%20be%20estimated%20from%20the%20observed%20oxygen%20distribution%20if%20the%20waters%20of%20the%20upper%20layers%20can%20be%20dated.%20It%20has%20been%20shown%20previously%20that%20tritium%5C%2F%283%29He%20ages%20can%20be%20used%2C%20together%20with%20observed%20oxygen%20concentrations%2C%20to%20estimate%20AOURs%20for%20waters%20with%20ages%20of%20several%20months%20to%20several%20decades.%20This%20method%20is%20applied%20to%20data%20obtained%20from%20the%20Nansen%20Basin%2C%20Arctic%20Ocean%2C%20during%20the%201987%20cruise%20of%20F.S.%20Polarstern.%20New%20production%20is%20estimated%20by%20depth%20integration%20of%20AOURs%20calculated%20for%20several%20isopycnals%20to%20be%2019%2B%5C%2F-5g%20C%20m%28-2%29%20year%28-1%29%20for%20the%20southern%20part%20and%203%2B%5C%2F-2%20g%20C%20m%28-2%29%20year%28-1%29%20for%20the%20northern%20part%20of%20the%20Nansen%20Basin%20section.%20The%20results%20are%20discussed%20and%20compared%20with%20previous%20estimates%20based%20on%20different%20methods.%20%28C%29%201998%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20Science%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Dec%201997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fs0967-0637%2897%2900046-0%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0637%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225295YXGH%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schlosser%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchlosser%2C%20P.%2C%20Kromer%2C%20B.%2C%20Ekwurzel%2C%20B.%2C%20Bonisch%2C%20G.%2C%20McNichol%2C%20A.%2C%20Schneider%2C%20R.%2C%20vonReden%2C%20K.%2C%20Ostlund%2C%20H.%20G.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281997%29.%20The%20first%20trans-Arctic%20C-14%20section%3A%20Comparison%20of%20the%20mean%20ages%20of%20the%20deep%20waters%20in%20the%20Eurasian%20and%20Canadian%20basins%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3ENuclear%20Instruments%20%26amp%3B%20Methods%20in%20Physics%20Research%20Section%20B-Beam%20Interactions%20with%20Materials%20and%20Atoms%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E123%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%26%23x2013%3B4%29%2C%20431%26%23x2013%3B437.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS0168-583x%2896%2900677-5%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS0168-583x%2896%2900677-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20first%20trans-Arctic%20C-14%20section%3A%20Comparison%20of%20the%20mean%20ages%20of%20the%20deep%20waters%20in%20the%20Eurasian%20and%20Canadian%20basins%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlosser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kromer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ekwurzel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonisch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McNichol%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schneider%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22vonReden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ostlund%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20present%20Delta%2814%29C%20data%20collected%20during%20three%20cruises%20to%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20that%20took%20place%20in%20the%20summers%20of%201987%20%28POLARSTERN%20cruise%20ARK%20IV%5C%2F3%29%2C%201991%20%28ARCTIC%2091%20Expedition%29%2C%20and%201994%20%28Arctic%20Ocean%20Section%2094%29.%20The%20cruise%20tracks%20of%20these%20three%20expeditions%20cover%20all%20major%20basins%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20%28Nansen%2C%20Amundsen%2C%20Makarov%20and%20Canada%20basins%29%2C%20and%20can%20be%20combined%20to%20a%20trans-Arctic%20section%20reaching%20from%20the%20Barents%20Sea%20slope%20to%20the%20southern%20Canada%20Basin%20just%20north%20of%20Bering%20Strait.%20The%20section%20is%20based%20on%2017%20stations%20covering%20the%20entire%20water%20column%20%28about%20250%20data%20points%29.%20The%20combined%20Delta%2814%29C%20data%20set%20was%20produced%20from%20a%20mixture%20of%20large%20volume%20samples%20measured%20by%20low-level%20counting%20and%20small%20volume%20samples%20measured%20by%20Accelerator%20Mass%20Spectrometry%20%28AMS%29.%20We%20use%20the%20Delta%2814%29C%20section%2C%20together%20with%20previously%20published%20Delta%2814%29C%20data%20from%20single%20stations%20located%20in%20several%20basins%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%2C%20to%20derive%20mean%20%27%27ages%27%27%3A%20%28isolation%20times%29%20of%20the%20deep%20waters%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20We%20estimate%20these%20mean%20%27%27ages%27%27%20to%20be%20approximate%20to%20250%20years%20in%20the%20bottom%20waters%20of%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%20and%20approximate%20to%20450%20years%20in%20the%20Canadian%20Basin%20Deep%20Water.%20A%20remarkable%20feature%20of%20the%20Delta%2814%29C%20section%20is%20the%20homogeneity%20in%20the%20C-14%20distribution%20observed%20in%20the%20deep%20Canadian%20Basin.%20Within%20the%20measurement%20precision%20of%20about%20%2B%5C%2F-%202%20parts%20per%20thousand%20%28LV%29%20to%20about%20%2B%5C%2F-%205%20parts%20per%20thousand%20%28AMS%29%2C%20we%20cannot%20detect%20significant%20horizontal%20or%20vertical%20Delta%2814%29C%20gradients%20below%202000%20m%20depth%20between%20the%20northern%20boundary%20of%20the%20Makarov%20Basin%20and%20the%20southern%20margin%20of%20the%20Canada%20Basin.%20There%20is%20no%20statistically%20significant%20difference%20between%20samples%20measured%20by%20AMS%20and%20by%20low-level%20counting.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Mar%201997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2FS0168-583x%2896%2900677-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220168-583x%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZQLIVUXN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Swift%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Aagaard%2C%20K.%2C%20Carmack%2C%20E.%20C.%2C%20Hingston%2C%20M.%2C%20MacDonald%2C%20R.%20W.%2C%20McLaughlin%2C%20F.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Perkin%2C%20R.%20G.%20%281997%29.%20Waters%20of%20the%20Makarov%20and%20Canada%20basins.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20Ii-Topical%20Studies%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E44%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%201503%26%23x2013%3B1529.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0967-0645%2897%2900055-6%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0967-0645%2897%2900055-6%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Waters%20of%20the%20Makarov%20and%20Canada%20basins%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aagaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carmack%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hingston%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacDonald%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLaughlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perkin%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Hydrographic%20measurements%20from%20the%201994%20Arctic%20Ocean%20Section%20show%20how%20the%20Makarov%20and%20Canada%20basins%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20are%20related%2C%20and%20demonstrate%20their%20oceanographic%20connections%20to%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin.%20The%20inflow%20into%20the%20Makarov%20Basin%20consists%20largely%20of%20well-ventilated%20water%20within%20a%20broad%20band%20of%20densities%20from%20a%20boundary%20how%20over%20the%20Siberian%20end%20of%20the%20Lomonosov%20Ridge.%20The%20boundary%20flow%20contains%20a%20significant%20component%20of%20dense%20shelf%20water%20likely%20originating%20in%20the%20Barents%2C%20Kara%2C%20and%20Laptev%20Seas.%20Earlier%20ice%20camp%20data%20show%20that%20the%20Canada%20Basin%20is%20relatively%20more%20isolated%20from%20this%20ventilation%20source.%20In%20the%20Canada%20Basin%20shelf%20sources%20influenced%20by%20Bering%20Sea%20water%20appear%20to%20add%20cold%20waters%20with%20high%20silicate%20concentrations%20to%20the%20halocline%20and%20deeper.%20In%201994%20the%20halocline%20silicate%20maximum%20over%20the%20central%20Makarov%20Basin%20was%20absent%2C%20evidence%20of%20the%20recent%20displacement%20of%20the%20upper%20%28S%20similar%20to%2033.1%29%20halocline%20water%20from%20the%20Chukchi-East%20Siberian%20Sea%20region%20by%20water%20from%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin.%20Much%20of%20the%20Makarov%20Basin%20water%20in%20and%20below%20the%20halocline%20is%20in%20fact%20from%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%2C%20with%20admixture%20of%20waters%20from%20the%20Canada%20Basin%20suggested%20by%20their%20higher%20silicate%20concentrations.%20Mid-depth%20eddies%20may%20transport%20anomalous%20properties%20into%20the%20central%20Arctic%20and%20create%20property%20gradients%20or%20fronts%20in%20mid-depth%20and%20deep%20waters.%20The%20complex%20topography%20of%20the%20Mendeleyev%20Ridge-Chukchi%20Plateau%20region%20also%20may%20assist%20spreading%20of%20water%20from%20the%20boundary%20into%20the%20interior.%20Atlantic%20layer%20characteristics%20in%201994%20differed%20from%20previous%20general%20depictions.%20In%20particular%20the%20core%20temperatures%20at%20the%20Chukchi-Mendeleyev%20boundary%20were%20at%20least%200.2%20degrees%20C%20warmer%20on%20average%20than%20indicated%20in%20earlier%20work.%20The%20recent%20warming%20at%20intermediate%20depth%20has%20resulted%20from%20inflow%20of%20Atlantic%20waters%20that%20have%20been%20cooled%20relatively%20little%20during%20their%20transit%20of%20the%20Norwegian%20Sea.%20%28C%29%201998%20Elsevier%20Science%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fs0967-0645%2897%2900055-6%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0645%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2245QPFQWC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Carmack%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECarmack%2C%20E.%20C.%2C%20Aagaard%2C%20K.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20MacDonald%2C%20R.%20W.%2C%20McLaughlin%2C%20F.%20A.%2C%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Perkin%2C%20R.%20G.%2C%20Smith%2C%20J.%20N.%2C%20Ellis%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Killius%2C%20L.%20R.%20%281997%29.%20Changes%20in%20temperature%20and%20tracer%20distributions%20within%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%3A%20Results%20from%20the%201994%20Arctic%20Ocean%20section.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20Ii-Topical%20Studies%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E44%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%288%29%2C%201487-%2B.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0967-0645%2897%2900056-8%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0967-0645%2897%2900056-8%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Changes%20in%20temperature%20and%20tracer%20distributions%20within%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%3A%20Results%20from%20the%201994%20Arctic%20Ocean%20section%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carmack%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aagaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22MacDonald%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McLaughlin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Perkin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ellis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Killius%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Major%20changes%20in%20temperature%20and%20tracer%20properties%20within%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20are%20evident%20in%20a%20comparison%20of%20data%20obtained%20during%20the%201994%20Arctic%20Ocean%20Section%20to%20earlier%20measurements.%20%281%29%20Anomalously%20warm%20and%20well-ventilated%20waters%20are%20now%20found%20in%20the%20Nansen%2C%20Amundsen%20and%20Makarov%20basins%2C%20with%20the%20largest%20temperature%20differences%2C%20as%20much%20as%201%20degrees%20C%2C%20in%20the%20core%20of%20the%20Atlantic%20layer%20%28200-400%20m%29.%20This%20thermohaline%20transition%20appears%20to%20follow%20from%20two%20distinct%20mechanisms%3A%20narrow%20%28order%20100%20km%29%2C%20topographically-steered%20cyclonic%20flows%20that%20rapidly%20carry%20new%20water%20around%20the%20perimeters%20of%20the%20basins%3B%20and%20multiple%20intrusions%2C%2040-60%20m%20thick%2C%20which%20extend%20laterally%20into%20the%20basin%20interiors.%20%282%29%20Altered%20nutrient%20distributions%20that%20within%20the%20halocline%20distinguish%20water%20masses%20of%20Pacific%20and%20Atlantic%20origins%20likewise%20point%20to%20a%20basin-wide%20redistribution%20of%20properties.%20%283%29%20Distributions%20of%20CFCs%20associated%20with%20inflows%20from%20adjacent%20shelf%20regions%20and%20from%20the%20Atlantic%20demonstrate%20recent%20ventilation%20to%20depths%20exceeding%201800%20m.%20%284%29%20Concentrations%20of%20the%20pesticide%20HCH%20in%20the%20surface%20and%20halocline%20layers%20are%20supersaturated%20with%20respect%20to%20present%20atmospheric%20concentrations%20and%20show%20that%20the%20ice-capped%20Arctic%20Ocean%20is%20now%20a%20source%20to%20the%20global%20atmosphere%20of%20this%20contaminant.%20%285%29%20The%20radionuclide%20I-129%20is%20now%20widespread%20throughout%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20Although%20the%20current%20level%20of%20I-129%20level%20poses%20no%20significant%20radiological%20threat%2C%20its%20rapid%20arrival%20and%20wide%20distribution%20illustrate%20the%20speed%20and%20extent%20to%20which%20waterborne%20contaminants%20are%20dispersed%20within%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20on%20pathways%20along%20which%20other%20contaminants%20can%20travel%20from%20western%20European%20or%20Russian%20sources.%20%28C%29%201998%20Elsevier%20Science%20Ltd.%20All%20rights%20reserved.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221997%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fs0967-0645%2897%2900056-8%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0645%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A04Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QWIGZLV5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Aagaard%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221996%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAagaard%2C%20K.%2C%20Barrie%2C%20L.%2C%20Carmack%2C%20E.%2C%20Garrity%2C%20C.%2C%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Lubin%2C%20D.%2C%20Macdonald%2C%20R.%20W.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Tucker%2C%20W.%2C%20Wheeler%2C%20P.%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Whritner%2C%20R.%20%281996%29.%20U.S.%2C%20Canadian%20researchers%20explore%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20%3Ci%3EEos%2C%20Transactions%20American%20Geophysical%20Union%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E77%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2822%29%2C%20209%2C%20213.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F96EO00141%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F96EO00141%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22U.S.%2C%20Canadian%20researchers%20explore%20Arctic%20Ocean%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aagaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barrie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carmack%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garrity%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lubin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Macdonald%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tucker%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wheeler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Whritner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22During%20July%5Cu2013September%201994%2C%20two%20Canadian%20and%20U.S.%20ice%20breakers%20crossed%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20%28Figure%201%29%20to%20investigate%20the%20biological%2C%20chemical%2C%20and%20physical%20systems%20that%20define%20the%20role%20of%20the%20Arctic%20in%20global%20change.%20The%20results%20are%20changing%20our%20perceptions%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20as%20a%20static%20environment%20with%20low%20biological%20productivity%20to%20a%20dynamic%20and%20productive%20system.%20The%20experiment%20was%20called%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20Section%20%28AOS%29%20and%20the%20ships%20were%20the%20Canadian%20Coast%20Guard%20ship%20Louis%20S.%20St.-Laurent%20and%20the%20U.S.%20Coast%20Guard%20cutter%20Polar%20Sea.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221996%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F96EO00141%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22M4W49NKW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Dickson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221996%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDickson%2C%20R.%2C%20Lazier%2C%20J.%2C%20Meincke%2C%20J.%2C%20Rhines%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20%281996%29.%20Long-term%20coordinated%20changes%20in%20the%20convective%20activity%20of%20the%20North%20Atlantic.%20%3Ci%3EProgress%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E38%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%20241%26%23x2013%3B295.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0079-6611%2897%2900002-5%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2Fs0079-6611%2897%2900002-5%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Long-term%20coordinated%20changes%20in%20the%20convective%20activity%20of%20the%20North%20Atlantic%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dickson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lazier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meincke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rhines%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20North%20Atlantic%20is%20a%20peculiarly%20convective%20ocean.%20The%20convective%20renewal%20of%20intermediate%20and%20deep%20waters%20in%20the%20Labrador%20Sea%20and%20Greenland%5C%2FIceland%20Sea%20both%20contribute%20significantly%20to%20the%20production%20and%20export%20of%20North%20Atlantic%20Deep%20Water%2C%20thus%20helping%20to%20drive%20the%20global%20thermohaline%20circulation%2C%20while%20the%20formation%20and%20spreading%20of%2018-Degree%20Water%20at%20shallow-to-intermediate%20depths%20off%20the%20US%20eastern%20seaboard%20is%20a%20major%20element%20in%20the%20circulation%20and%20hydrographic%20character%20of%20the%20west%20Atlantic.%20For%20as%20long%20as%20time-series%20of%20adequate%20precision%20have%20been%20available%20to%20us%2C%20it%20has%20been%20apparent%20that%20the%20intensity%20of%20convection%20at%20each%20of%20these%20sites%2C%20and%20the%20hydrographic%20character%20of%20their%20products%20have%20been%20subject%20to%20major%20interannual%20change%2C%20as%20shown%20by%20AAGAARD%20%281968%29%2C%20CLARKE%2C%20SWIFT%2C%20REID%20and%20KOLTERMANN%20%281990%29%2C%20and%20MEINCKE%2C%20JONSSON%20and%20SWIFT%20%281992%29%20for%20the%20Greenland%20Sea%2C%20in%20the%20OWS%20BRAVO%20record%20from%20the%20Labrador%20Sea%2C%20%28egLAZIER%2C%201980%20et%20seq.%29%2C%20and%20at%20the%20Panulirus%20%5C%2F%20Hydrostation%20%5C%22S%5C%22%20site%20in%20the%20Northern%20Sargasso%20off%20Bermuda%20%28eg%20JENKINS%2C%201982%2C%20TALLEY%20and%20RAYMER%2C%201982%29.%20This%20paper%20reviews%20the%20recent%20history%20of%20these%20changes%20showing%20that%20the%20major%20convective%20centres%20of%20the%20Greenland%20and%20Labrador%20Seas%20are%20currently%20at%20opposite%20convective%20extrema%20in%20our%20postwar%20record%2C%20with%20vertical%20exchange%20at%20the%20former%20site%20limited%20to%201000%20m%20or%20so%2C%20but%20with%20Labrador%20Sea%20convection%20reaching%20deeper%20than%20previously%20observed%2C%20to%20over%202300%20m.%20As%20a%20result%2C%20the%20deep%20water%20of%20the%20Greenland%20Sea%20has%20become%20progressively%20warmer%20and%20more%20saline%20since%20the%20early%20%2770s%20as%20a%20result%20of%20increased%20horizontal%20exchange%20with%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20through%20Fram%20Strait%2C%20while%20the%20Labrador%20Sea%20Water%20has%20become%20progressively%20colder%20and%20fresher%20over%20the%20same%20period%20through%20increased%20vertical%20exchange%3B%20most%20recently%2C%20convection%20has%20become%20deep%20enough%20there%20to%20reach%20into%20the%20more%20saline%20NADW%20which%20underlies%20it%2C%20so%20that%20cooler%2C%20but%20now%20saltier%20and%20denser%20LSW%20has%20resulted.%20The%20horizontal%20spreading%20of%20these%20changing%20watermasses%20in%20the%20northern%20gyre%20is%20described%20from%20the%20hydrographic%20record.%20The%20theory%20is%20advanced%20that%20the%20scales%20of%20atmospheric%20forcing%20have%20imposed%20a%20degree%20of%20synchrony%20on%20convective%20behaviour%20at%20all%20three%20sites%20over%20the%20present%20century%2C%20with%20ventilation%20at%20the%20Sargasso%20and%20Greenland%20Sea%20sites%20undergoing%20a%20parallel%20multi-decadal%20evolution%20to%20reach%20a%20long%20term%20maximum%20in%20the%201960s%2C%20driven%20by%20the%20twin%20cells%20of%20the%20North%20Atlantic%20Oscillation%20%28NAO%29.%20During%20the%20NAO%20minimum%20of%20the%201960s%2C%20with%20an%20extreme%20Greenland%20ridge%20feeding%20record%20amounts%20of%20fresh%20water%20into%20the%20northern%20gyre%20in%20the%20form%20of%20the%20Great%20Salinity%20Anomaly%2C%20and%20its%20partner%20cell%20over%20the%20Southeast%20USA%20causing%20a%20southwestward%20retraction%20of%20storm%20activity%20%28DICKSON%20and%20NAMIAS%2C%201976%29%2C%20the%20surface%20freshening%20and%20postwar%20minimum%20in%20storm%20activity%20in%20the%20intervening%20area%20of%20the%20Labrador%20Sea%20also%20brought%20a%20progressive%20reduction%2C%20and%20ultimately%20a%20cessation%2C%20of%20wintertime%20convection%20there%20during%20the%201960s.%20In%20other%20words%2C%20the%20evolution%20of%20winter%20convective%20activity%20during%20the%20century%20was%20in%20phase%20but%20of%20different%20sign%20at%20the%20three%20sites.%20In%20these%20events%2C%20we%20see%20strong%20evidence%20of%20a%20direct%20impact%20of%20the%20shifting%20atmospheric%20circulation%20on%20the%20ocean%3B%20while%20this%20certainly%20does%20not%20rule%20out%20either%20feedbacks%20from%20anomalous%20ice%20and%20SST%20conditions%20on%20the%20atmosphere%2C%20or%20autonomous%20oscillations%20of%20the%20ocean%27s%20overturning%20circulation%2C%20it%20does%20tend%20to%20minimise%20them.%20Crown%20copyright%20%28C%29%201997%20Published%20by%20Elsevier%20Science%20Ltd%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221996%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2Fs0079-6611%2897%2900002-5%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220079-6611%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22AR94C8XZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schlosser%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESchlosser%2C%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Lewis%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Pfirman%2C%20S.%20L.%20%281995%29.%20The%20role%20of%20the%20large-scale%20Arctic%20Ocean%20circulation%20in%20the%20transport%20of%20contaminants.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20Ii-Topical%20Studies%20in%20Oceanography%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E42%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%201341%26%23x2013%3B1367.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2F0967-0645%2895%2900045-3%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2F0967-0645%2895%2900045-3%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20role%20of%20the%20large-scale%20Arctic%20Ocean%20circulation%20in%20the%20transport%20of%20contaminants%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schlosser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lewis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pfirman%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20key%20features%20of%20the%20large-scale%20circulation%20of%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20are%20reviewed%20based%20on%20distributions%20of%20hydrographic%20parameters%20and%20natural%20and%20anthropogenic%20trace%20substances.%20Salinity%20and%20mass%20balances%2C%20as%20well%20as%20a%20combination%20of%20the%20tracers%20tritium%20and%20delta%2818%29O%2C%20suggest%20a%20mean%20residence%20time%20of%20the%20shelf%20waters%20in%20the%20Siberian%20seas%20of%20about%203%20years.%20Potential%20pathways%20of%20pollutants%20released%20to%20the%20Siberian%20shelf%20seas%20from%20the%20dumpsites%20or%20from%20river%20runoff%20are%20inferred%20from%20the%20distributions%20of%20delta%2818%29O%20and%20salinity.%20Transit%20times%20needed%20for%20dissolved%20contaminants%20to%20cross%20the%20central%20Arctic%20basins%20%28several%20years%20to%20one%20or%20two%20decades%20in%20near-surface%20waters%29%20and%20mean%20residence%20times%20of%20contaminants%20in%20the%20intermediate%20%28several%20decades%29%20and%20deep%20waters%20%28several%20centuries%29%20are%20estimated%20from%20the%20distribution%20of%20transient%20tracers%20%28tritium%20and%20its%20radioactive%20decay%20product%2C%20He-3%29%20and%20%27%27steady-state%27%27%20tracers%20%28C-14%20and%20Ar-39%29.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2F0967-0645%2895%2900045-3%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220967-0645%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22C4AYJVVW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Swift%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281995%29.%20A%20few%20notes%20on%20a%20recent%20deep-water%20freshening.%20In%20National%20Research%20Council%20%28Ed.%29%2C%20%3Ci%3ENatural%20climate%20variability%20on%20decade-to-century%20time%20scales%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28pp.%20290%26%23x2013%3B294%29.%20National%20Academy%20Press.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20few%20notes%20on%20a%20recent%20deep-water%20freshening%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22National%20Research%20Council%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Natural%20climate%20variability%20on%20decade-to-century%20time%20scales%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%220-309-05449-4%20978-0-309-05449-2%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22SGGSSCSW%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Swift%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281995%29.%20Comparing%20WOCE%20and%20historical%20temperatures%20in%20the%20deep%20southeast%20Pacific.%20%3Ci%3EInternational%20WOCE%20Newsletter%2C%20WOCE%20Int%26%23x2019%3Bl%20Project%20Office%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E18%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2015%26%23x2013%3B17.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Comparing%20WOCE%20and%20historical%20temperatures%20in%20the%20deep%20southeast%20Pacific%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221995%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226HRFQGK5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Anderson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221994-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAnderson%2C%20L.%20G.%2C%20Bjork%2C%20G.%2C%20Holby%2C%20O.%2C%20Jones%2C%20E.%20P.%2C%20Kattner%2C%20G.%2C%20Koltermann%2C%20K.%20P.%2C%20Liljeblad%2C%20B.%2C%20Lindegren%2C%20R.%2C%20Rudels%2C%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20%281994%29.%20Water%20masses%20and%20circulation%20in%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%3A%20Results%20from%20the%20Oden%2091%20expedition.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E99%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28C2%29%2C%203273%26%23x2013%3B3283.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F93jc02977%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F93jc02977%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Water%20masses%20and%20circulation%20in%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%3A%20Results%20from%20the%20Oden%2091%20expedition%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anderson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bjork%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Holby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jones%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kattner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Koltermann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liljeblad%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lindegren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rudels%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20Oden%2091%20North%20Pole%20expedition%20obtained%20oceanographic%20measurements%20on%20four%20sections%20in%20the%20Nansen%20and%20Amundsen%20basins%20of%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%20and%20in%20the%20Makarov%20Basin%20of%20the%20Canadian%20Basin%2C%20thereby%20proving%20the%20feasibility%20of%20carrying%20out%20a%20typical%20oceanographic%20program%20using%20an%20icebreaker%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean.%20The%20data%20show%20greater%20spatial%20variability%20in%20water%20structure%20and%20circulation%20than%20was%20apparent%20from%20previous%20data.%20The%20results%20show%20that%20a%20clear%20front%20exists%20between%20the%20Eurasian%20and%20Canadian%20basins%20such%20that%20upper%20halocline%20water%20in%20the%20Canadian%20Basin%20is%20almost%20absent%20from%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin.%20The%20lower%20halocline%20water%20produced%20in%20the%20Barents-Kara%20Sea%20region%20permeates%20much%20of%20the%20Eurasian%20Basin%20and%20flows%20along%20the%20continental%20slope%20into%20the%20Canadian%20Basin.%20The%20deeper%20circulation%20is%20strongly%20influenced%20by%20topography.%20Three%20return%20flows%20of%20the%20Atlantic%20layer%20are%20identified%2C%20one%20over%20the%20Nansen-Gakkel%20Ridge%2C%20one%20over%20the%20Lomonosov%20Ridge%2C%20and%20a%20third%20flowing%20from%20the%20Canadian%20Basin.%20The%20slight%20differences%20observed%20in%20salinity%20and%20temperature%20characteristics%20of%20the%20deeper%20waters%20of%20the%20Nansen%20and%20Amundsen%20basins%20do%20not%20lead%20to%20an%20obvious%20explanation%20of%20their%20origin%20or%20flow%20pattern.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Feb%201994%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F93jc02977%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-0227%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22U4QBCGTZ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Meincke%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221992%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMeincke%2C%20J.%2C%20Jonsson%2C%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281992%29.%20Variability%20of%20convective%20conditions%20in%20the%20Greenland%20Sea.%20In%20R.%20R.%20Dickson%2C%20P.%20Maelkki%2C%20G.%20Radach%2C%20R.%20Saetre%2C%20M.%20P.%20Sissenwine%2C%20%26amp%3B%20J.%20Meincke%20%28Eds.%29%2C%20%3Ci%3EHydrobiological%20variability%20in%20the%20ICES%20area%2C%201980-1989%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%20%28Vol.%20195%2C%20pp.%2032%26%23x2013%3B39%29.%20ICES.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22bookSection%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Variability%20of%20convective%20conditions%20in%20the%20Greenland%20Sea%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meincke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jonsson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dickson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maelkki%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Radach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saetre%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sissenwine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22editor%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meincke%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Recent%20observations%20and%20data%20compilations%20show%20decadal%20and%20interannual%20variations%20in%20the%20depth%20of%20wintertime%20convection%20in%20the%20Greenland%20Sea.%20In%20a%20qualitative%20study%20the%20fluctuations%20are%20related%20to%20changes%20in%20wind%20and%20thermohaline%20forcing.%20Changes%20in%20both%20wind-stress%20curl%20and%20sea-ice%20cover%20concur%20with%20the%20results%20from%20hydrographic%20observations%20indicating%20that%20no%20renewal%20of%20deep%20water%20has%20taken%20place%20during%20the%201980s.%22%2C%22bookTitle%22%3A%22Hydrobiological%20variability%20in%20the%20ICES%20area%2C%201980-1989%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221992%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229LKHE2AK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Aagaard%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221991-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAagaard%2C%20K.%2C%20Fahrbach%2C%20E.%2C%20Meincke%2C%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20H.%20%281991%29.%20Saline%20outflow%20from%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%3A%20Its%20contribution%20to%20the%20deep%20waters%20of%20the%20Greenland%2C%20Norwegian%2C%20and%20Iceland%20seas.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Oceans%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E96%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28C11%29%2C%2020433%26%23x2013%3B20441.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F91jc02013%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F91jc02013%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Saline%20outflow%20from%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%3A%20Its%20contribution%20to%20the%20deep%20waters%20of%20the%20Greenland%2C%20Norwegian%2C%20and%20Iceland%20seas%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aagaard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fahrbach%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meincke%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Since%201985%20various%20investigators%20have%20proposed%20that%20Norwegian%20Sea%20deep%20water%20%28NSDW%29%20is%20formed%20by%20mixing%20of%20warm%20and%20saline%20deep%20water%20from%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20with%20the%20much%20colder%20and%20fresher%20deep%20water%20formed%20by%20convection%20in%20the%20Greenland%20Sea%20%28GSDW%29.%20We%20here%20report%20on%20new%20observations%20which%20suggest%20significant%20modification%20and%20expansion%20of%20this%20conceptual%20model.%20We%20find%20that%20saline%20outflows%20from%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20result%20in%20several%20distinct%20intermediate%20and%20deep%20salinity%20maxima%20within%20the%20Greenland%20Sea%3B%20the%20southward%20transport%20of%20the%20two%20most%20saline%20modes%20is%20probably%20near%202%20Sv.%20Mixing%20of%20GSDW%20and%20the%20main%20outflow%20core%20found%20over%20the%20Greenland%20slope%2C%20derived%20from%20about%201700%20m%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%2C%20cannot%20by%20itself%20account%20for%20the%20properties%20of%20NSDW.%20Instead%2C%20the%20formation%20of%20NSDW%20must%20at%20least%20in%20part%20involve%20a%20source%20which%20in%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20is%20found%20below%202000%20m.%20The%20mixing%20of%20various%20saline%20outflows%20is%20diapycnal.%20While%20significant%20NSDW%20production%20appears%20to%20occur%20in%20northern%20Fram%20Strait%2C%20large%20amounts%20of%20saline%20Arctic%20Ocean%20outflow%20also%20traverse%20the%20western%20Greenland%20Sea%20without%20mixing%20and%20enter%20the%20Iceland%20Sea.%20During%20the%20past%20decade%2C%20deep%20convection%20in%20the%20Greenland%20Sea%20has%20been%20greatly%20reduced%2C%20while%20deep%20outflow%20from%20the%20Arctic%20Ocean%20appears%20to%20have%20continued%2C%20resulting%20in%20a%20markedly%20warmer%2C%20slightly%20more%20saline%2C%20and%20less%20dense%20deep%20regime%20in%20the%20Greenland%20Sea.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22Nov%201991%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F91jc02013%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220148-0227%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UG9HLS9Y%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Roemmich%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221991%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERoemmich%2C%20D.%2C%20McCallister%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3ESwift%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20%281991%29.%20A%20transpacific%20hydrographic%20section%20along%20latitude%2024%26%23xB0%3BN%3A%20the%20distribution%20of%20properties%20in%20the%20subtropical%20gyre.%20%3Ci%3EDeep-Sea%20Research%20Part%20a-Oceanographic%20Research%20Papers%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E38%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20S1%26%23x2013%3BS20.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS0198-0149%2812%2980002-1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1016%5C%2FS0198-0149%2812%2980002-1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20transpacific%20hydrographic%20section%20along%20latitude%2024%5Cu00b0N%3A%20the%20distribution%20of%20properties%20in%20the%20subtropical%20gyre%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Roemmich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22McCallister%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Swift%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22An%20intensively%20sampled%20transpacific%20hydrographic%20section%20along%2024-degrees-N%20was%20completed%20in%20the%20spring%20of%201985.%20The%20data%20are%20described%20here%20in%20terms%20of%20the%20spatial%20distribution%20of%20properties%2C%20the%20distribution%20along%20isopycnal%20surfaces%2C%20and%2C%20where%20possible%2C%20the%20relationship%20of%20these%20distributions%20to%20the%20large-scale%20circulation%20of%20the%20Pacific%20Ocean.%20Near-surface%20waters%20of%20subtropical%20origin%20display%20a%20salinity%20maximum%20in%20mid-ocean%2C%20with%20lower%20salinity%20to%20the%20west%20due%20to%20greater%20rainfall%20and%20lower%20salinity%20in%20the%20east%20due%20to%20advection%20of%20water%20from%20the%20north.%20In%20the%20next%20layers%20down%2C%20containing%20waters%20of%20subpolar%20origin%2C%20the%20low%20salinity%20and%20high%20dissolved%20oxygen%20concentrations%20of%20those%20waters%20are%20most%20pronounced%20in%20the%20eastern%20ocean%20where%20the%20subpolar%20water%20is%20swept%20clockwise%20into%20the%20subtropical%20gyre.%20Differences%20between%20patterns%20of%20dissolved%20oxygen%20concentration%20and%20salinity%20indicate%20that%20both%20horizontal%20advection%20and%20upwelling%20contribute%20to%20observed%20distributions%20near%20the%20eastern%20boundary%20and%20that%20the%20two%20tracers%20contain%20independent%20information.%20In%20the%20upper%20kilometer%2C%20the%20eastern%20Pacific%20is%20richer%20in%20tracer%20signals%20and%20has%20steeper%20property%20gradients%20than%20the%20west.%20The%20deep%20Pacific%20has%20long%20been%20recognized%20to%20be%20the%20most%20uniform%20of%20the%20oceans.%20Although%20property%20gradients%20are%20small%2C%20they%20are%20significant%2C%20and%20it%20is%20found%20that%20on%20all%20isopycnal%20surfaces%20below%20the%20upper%20kilometer%20salinity%20increases%20and%20dissolved%20oxygen%20concentration%20decreases%20towards%20the%20east%20on%20basin-wide%20scales.%20These%20zonal%20gradients%20are%20weakest%20in%20the%20abyss%2C%20where%20there%20is%20a%20substantial%20net%20input%20of%20southern%20water%2C%20and%20strongest%20at%20mid-depth.%20Vertical%20diffusion%20is%20the%20likely%20cause%20of%20the%20uniformity%20in%20this%20pattern%20over%20so%20much%20of%20the%20deep%20North%20Pacific%2C%20with%20oxygen%20consumption%20in%20waters%20of%20greater%20age%20in%20the%20east%20also%20being%20a%20plausible%20contributor.%20With%20a%20highly%20sampled%20data%20set%20such%20as%20the%2024-degrees-N%20transpacific%20section%20it%20is%20appropriate%20to%20ask%20how%20many%20stations%20are%20required%20to%20define%20property%20distributions%20and%20to%20estimate%20large-scale%20circulation%20and%20transport.%20Estimation%20of%20geostrophic%20transport%20requires%20high%20spatial%20resolution%20to%20detect%20flow%20near%20sloping%20topography%20at%20all%20depths.%20A%2050%25%20decimation%20of%20the%2024-degrees-N%20station%20pattern%20yields%20a%20severe%20degradation%20in%20the%20estimation%20of%20transport.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221991%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1016%5C%2FS0198-0149%2812%2980002-1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220198-0149%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22Z3DY53MV%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-07-13T15%3A49%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Katsumata, K., Purkey, S. G., Cowley, R., Sloyan, B. M., Diggs, S. C., Moore, T. S., Talley, L. D., & Swift, J. H. (2022). GO-SHIP Easy Ocean: Gridded ship-based hydrographic section of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. Scientific Data, 9(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01212-w
Jenkins, W. J., Doney, S. C., Fendrock, M., Fine, R., Gamo, T., Jean-Baptiste, P., Key, R., Klein, B., Lupton, J. E., Newton, R., Rhein, M., Roether, W., Sano, Y. J., Schlitzer, R., Schlosser, P., & Swift, J. (2019). A comprehensive global oceanic dataset of helium isotope and tritium measurements. Earth System Science Data, 11(2), 441–454. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-441-2019
Schlitzer, R., Anderson, R. F., Dodas, E. M., Lohan, M., Geibere, W., Tagliabue, A., Bowie, A., Jeandel, C., Maldonado, M. T., Landing, W. M., Cockwell, D., Abadie, C., Abouchami, W., Achterberg, E. P., Agather, A., Aguliar-Islas, A., van Aken, H. M., Andersen, M., Archer, C., … Zurbrick, C. (2018). The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2017. Chemical Geology, 493, 210–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.05.040
Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Mecking, S., Cross, J. N., Macdonald, A. M., Siedlecki, S. A., Talley, L. D., Sabine, C. L., Millero, F. J., Swift, J. H., Dickson, A. G., & Rodgers, K. B. (2017). Two decades of Pacific anthropogenic carbon storage and ocean acidification along Global Ocean Ship-lebased Hydrographic Investigations Program sections P16 and P02. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 31(2), 306–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016gb005485
L. D. Talley, R. A. Feely, B. M. Sloyan, R. Wanninkhof, M. O. Baringer, J. L. Bullister, C. A. Carlson, S. C. Doney, R. A. Fine, E. Firing, N. Gruber, D. A. Hansell, M. Ishii, G. C. Johnson, K. Katsumata, R. M. Key, M. Kramp, C. Langdon, A. M. Macdonald, … J. -Z. Zhang. (2016). Changes in Ocean Heat, Carbon Content, and Ventilation: A Review of the First Decade of GO-SHIP Global Repeat Hydrography. Annual Review of Marine Science, 8(1), 185–215. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-052915-100829
Mawji, E., Schlitzer, R., Dodas, E. M., Abadie, C., Abouchami, W., Anderson, R. F., Baars, O., Bakker, K., Baskaran, M., Bates, N. R., Bluhm, K., Bowie, A., Bown, J., Boye, M., Boyle, E. A., Branellec, P., Bruland, K. W., Brzezinski, M. A., Bucciarelli, E., … Zimmer, L. A. (2015). The GEOTRACES Intermediate Data Product 2014. Marine Chemistry, 177, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.04.005
Williams, N. L., Feely, R. A., Sabine, C. L., Dickson, A. G., Swift, J. H., Talley, L. D., & Russell, J. L. (2015). Quantifying anthropogenic carbon inventory changes in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Marine Chemistry, 174, 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.06.015
Mills, M. M., Brown, Z. W., Lowry, K. E., van Dijken, G. L., Becker, S., Pal, S., Benitez-Nelson, C. R., Downer, M. M., Strong, A. L., Swift, J. H., Pickart, R. S., & Arrigo, K. R. (2015). Impacts of low phytoplankton NO3- :PO43- utilization ratios over the Chukchi Shelf, Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 118, 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.02.007
Brown, Z. W., Casciotti, K. L., Pickart, R. S., Swift, J. H., & Arrigo, K. R. (2015). Aspects of the marine nitrogen cycle of the Chukchi Sea shelf and Canada Basin. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 118, 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2015.02.009
Arrigo, K. R., Perovich, D. K., Pickart, R. S., Brown, Z. W., van Dijken, G. L., Lowry, K. E., Mills, M. M., Palmer, M. A., Balch, W. M., Bates, N. R., Benitez-Nelson, C. R., Brownlee, E., Frey, K. E., Laney, S. R., Mathis, J., Matsuoka, A., Greg Mitchell, B., Moore, G. W. K., Reynolds, R. A., … Swift, J. H. (2014). Phytoplankton blooms beneath the sea ice in the Chukchi sea. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 105(0), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2014.03.018
Downes, S. M., Key, R. M., Orsi, A. H., Speer, K. G., & Swift, J. H. (2012). Tracing Southwest Pacific Bottom Water Using Potential Vorticity and Helium-3. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 42(12), 2153–2168. https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-12-019.1
Arrigo, K. R., Perovich, D. K., Pickart, R. S., Brown, Z. W., van Dijken, G. L., Lowry, K. E., Mills, M. M., Palmer, M. A., Balch, W. M., Bahr, F., Bates, N. R., Benitez-Nelson, C., Bowler, B., Brownlee, E., Ehn, J. K., Frey, K. E., Garley, R., Laney, S. R., Lubelczyk, L., … Swift, J. H. (2012). Massive phytoplankton blooms under Arctic sea ice. Science, 336, 1408. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215065
Anderson, L. G., Tanhua, T., Bjork, G., Hjalmarsson, S., Jones, E. P., Jutterstrom, S., Rudels, B., Swift, J. H., & Wahlstom, I. (2010). Arctic ocean shelf-basin interaction: An active continental shelf CO2 pump and its impact on the degree of calcium carbonate solubility. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 57(7), 869–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2010.03.012
Codispoti, L. A., Flagg, C. N., & Swift, J. H. (2009). Hydrographic conditions during the 2004 SBI process experiments. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 56(17), 1144–1163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.10.013
Jones, E. P., Anderson, L. G., Jutterstrom, S., Mintrop, L., & Swift, J. H. (2008). Pacific freshwater, river water and sea ice meltwater across Arctic Ocean basins: Results from the 2005 Beringia Expedition. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 113(C8). https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jc004124
Marnela, M., Rudels, B., Olsson, K. A., Anderson, L. G., Jeansson, E., Torres, D. J., Messias, M. J., Swift, J. H., & Watson, A. J. (2008). Transports of Nordic Seas water masses and excess SF6 through Fram Strait to the Arctic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography, 78(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.06.004
Jeansson, E., Jutterstroem, S., Rudels, B., Anderson, L. G., Olsson, K. A., Jones, E. P., Smethie, W. M., & Swift, J. H. (2008). Sources to the East Greenland Current and its contribution to the Denmark Strait Overflow. Progress in Oceanography, 78(1), 12–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.08.031
Jones, E. P., Anderson, L. G., Jutterstrom, S., & Swift, J. H. (2008). Sources and distribution of fresh water in the East Greenland Current. Progress in Oceanography, 78(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.06.003
Jutterstrom, S., Jeansson, E., Anderson, L. G., Bellerby, R., Jones, E. P., Smethie, W. M., & Swift, J. H. (2008). Evaluation of anthropogenic carbon in the Nordic Seas using observed relationships of N, P and C versus CFCs. Progress in Oceanography, 78(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.06.001
Aagaard, K., Andersen, R., Swift, J., & Johnson, J. (2008). A large eddy in the central Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl033461
Bjork, G., Jakobsson, M., Rudes, B., Swift, J. H., Anderson, L., Darby, D. A., Backman, J., Coakley, B., Winsor, P., Polyak, L., & Edwards, M. (2007). Bathymetry and deep-water exchange across the central Lomonosov Ridge at 88-89°N. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 54(8), 1197–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2007.05.010
Woodgate, R. A., Aagaard, K., Swift, J. H., Smethie, W. M., & Falkner, K. K. (2007). Atlantic water circulation over the Mendeleev Ridge and Chukchi Borderland from thermohaline intrusions and water mass properties. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 112(C2). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jc003416
Woodgate, R. A., Aagaard, K., Swift, J. H., Falkner, K. K., & Smethie, W. M. (2005). Pacific ventilation of the Arctic Ocean’s lower halocline by upwelling and diapycnal mixing over the continental margin. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(18). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005gl023999
Falkner, K. K., Steele, M., Woodgate, R. A., Swift, J. H., Aagaard, K., & Morison, J. (2005). Dissolved oxygen extrema in the Arctic Ocean halocline from the North Pole to the Lincoln Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 52(7), 1138–1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.01.007
Swift, J. H., Aagaard, K., Timokhov, L., & Nikiforov, E. G. (2005). Long-term variability of Arctic Ocean waters: Evidence from a reanalysis of the EWG data set. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 110(C3). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004jc002312
Codispoti, L. A., Flagg, C., Kelly, V., & Swift, J. H. (2005). Hydrographic conditions during the 2002 SBI process experiments. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 52(24–26), 3199–3226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2005.10.007
Anderson, L. G., Falck, E., Jones, E. P., Jutterstrom, S., & Swift, J. H. (2004). Enhanced uptake of atmospheric CO2 during freezing of seawater: A field study in Storfjorden, Svalbard. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 109(C6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jc002120
McLaughlin, F. A., Carmack, E. C., Macdonald, R. W., Melling, H., Swift, J. H., Wheeler, P. A., Sherr, B. F., & Sherr, E. B. (2004). The joint roles of Pacific and Atlantic-origin waters in the Canada Basin, 1997-1998. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 51(1), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2003.09.010
Anderson, L. G., Jones, E. P., & Swift, J. H. (2003). Export production in the central Arctic Ocean evaluated from phosphate deficits. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 108(C6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jc001057
Jones, E. P., Swift, J. H., Anderson, L. G., Lipizer, M., Civitarese, G., Falkner, K. K., Kattner, G., & McLaughlin, F. (2003). Tracing Pacific water in the North Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 108(C4). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jc001141
Schauer, U., Rudels, B., Jones, E. P., Anderson, L. G., Muench, R. D., Bjork, G., Swift, J. H., Ivanov, V., & Larsson, A. M. (2002). Confluence and redistribution of Atlantic water in the Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov basins. Annales Geophysicae, 20(2), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-20-257-2002
Ekwurzel, B., Schlosser, P., Mortlock, R. A., Fairbanks, R. G., & Swift, J. H. (2001). River runoff, sea ice meltwater, and Pacific water distribution and mean residence times in the Arctic Ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 106(C5), 9075–9092. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999jc000024
Fransson, A., Chierici, M., Anderson, L. C., Bussmann, I., Kattner, G., Jones, E. P., & Swift, J. H. (2001). The importance of shelf processes for the modification of chemical constituents in the waters of the Eurasian Arctic Ocean: implication for carbon fluxes. Continental Shelf Research, 21(3), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0278-4343(00)00088-1
Macdonald, R. W., Carmack, E. C., McLaughlin, F. A., Falkner, K. K., & Swift, J. H. (1999). Connections among ice, runoff and atmospheric forcing in the Beaufort Gyre. Geophysical Research Letters, 26(15), 2223–2226. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999gl900508
Swift, J. H. (1999). The oceanography of the Arctic Ocean. Current, 15(3), 28–32.
Jones, E. P., Anderson, L. G., & Swift, J. H. (1998). Distribution of Atlantic and Pacific waters in the upper Arctic Ocean: Implications for circulation. Geophysical Research Letters, 25(6), 765–768. https://doi.org/10.1029/98gl00464
Carmack, E. C., Aagaard, K., Swift, J. H., Perkin, R. G., McLAughlin, F. A., Macdonald, R. W., & Jones, E. P. (1998). Thermohaline transitions. In J. Imberger (Ed.), Physical processes in lakes and oceans (pp. 179–186). American Geophysical Union.
Zheng, Y., Schlosser, P., Swift, J. H., & Jones, E. P. (1997). Oxygen utilization rates in the Nansen Basin, Arctic Ocean: implications for new production. Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 44(12), 1923–1943. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0637(97)00046-0
Schlosser, P., Kromer, B., Ekwurzel, B., Bonisch, G., McNichol, A., Schneider, R., vonReden, K., Ostlund, H. G., & Swift, J. H. (1997). The first trans-Arctic C-14 section: Comparison of the mean ages of the deep waters in the Eurasian and Canadian basins of the Arctic Ocean. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 123(1–4), 431–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583x(96)00677-5
Swift, J. H., Jones, E. P., Aagaard, K., Carmack, E. C., Hingston, M., MacDonald, R. W., McLaughlin, F. A., & Perkin, R. G. (1997). Waters of the Makarov and Canada basins. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 44(8), 1503–1529. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(97)00055-6
Carmack, E. C., Aagaard, K., Swift, J. H., MacDonald, R. W., McLaughlin, F. A., Jones, E. P., Perkin, R. G., Smith, J. N., Ellis, K. M., & Killius, L. R. (1997). Changes in temperature and tracer distributions within the Arctic Ocean: Results from the 1994 Arctic Ocean section. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 44(8), 1487-+. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0645(97)00056-8
Aagaard, K., Barrie, L., Carmack, E., Garrity, C., Jones, E. P., Lubin, D., Macdonald, R. W., Swift, J. H., Tucker, W., Wheeler, P. A., & Whritner, R. (1996). U.S., Canadian researchers explore Arctic Ocean. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 77(22), 209, 213. https://doi.org/10.1029/96EO00141
Dickson, R., Lazier, J., Meincke, J., Rhines, P., & Swift, J. (1996). Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, 38(3), 241–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6611(97)00002-5
Schlosser, P., Swift, J. H., Lewis, D., & Pfirman, S. L. (1995). The role of the large-scale Arctic Ocean circulation in the transport of contaminants. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 42(6), 1341–1367. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0645(95)00045-3
Swift, J. H. (1995). A few notes on a recent deep-water freshening. In National Research Council (Ed.), Natural climate variability on decade-to-century time scales (pp. 290–294). National Academy Press.
Swift, J. H. (1995). Comparing WOCE and historical temperatures in the deep southeast Pacific. International WOCE Newsletter, WOCE Int’l Project Office, 18, 15–17.
Anderson, L. G., Bjork, G., Holby, O., Jones, E. P., Kattner, G., Koltermann, K. P., Liljeblad, B., Lindegren, R., Rudels, B., & Swift, J. (1994). Water masses and circulation in the Eurasian Basin: Results from the Oden 91 expedition. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 99(C2), 3273–3283. https://doi.org/10.1029/93jc02977
Meincke, J., Jonsson, S., & Swift, J. H. (1992). Variability of convective conditions in the Greenland Sea. In R. R. Dickson, P. Maelkki, G. Radach, R. Saetre, M. P. Sissenwine, & J. Meincke (Eds.), Hydrobiological variability in the ICES area, 1980-1989 (Vol. 195, pp. 32–39). ICES.
Aagaard, K., Fahrbach, E., Meincke, J., & Swift, J. H. (1991). Saline outflow from the Arctic Ocean: Its contribution to the deep waters of the Greenland, Norwegian, and Iceland seas. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 96(C11), 20433–20441. https://doi.org/10.1029/91jc02013
Roemmich, D., McCallister, T., & Swift, J. (1991). A transpacific hydrographic section along latitude 24°N: the distribution of properties in the subtropical gyre. Deep-Sea Research Part a-Oceanographic Research Papers, 38, S1–S20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0198-0149(12)80002-1